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Archaeology 201 > Lab Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Lab Quiz #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a topographic map?

A

A detailed graphic representation of features that appear on the Earth’s surface

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2
Q

How is terrain represented on topographic maps?

A

Contour lines

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3
Q

What are the 2 main purposes topographic maps have in archaeology?

A

Location of sites and Environmental assessment of a region

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4
Q

Map Reference

A

A number and a title indicating which map in the series one is working with
Generally located near the corner of a map

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5
Q

Date of Publication

A

Should always check date of original geographical survey and publication of map
allows you to reference map and check that you’re using recent representation of terrain and environment

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6
Q

How many north arrows on topographic maps?

A

3

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7
Q

True North

A

Fixed geographical north point (the North Pole) on Earth
arrow with star

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8
Q

Magnetic North

A

Point on Earth where magnetic lines of force converge, and consequently where a magnetic compass points
Traditionally has been in the North of Canada near Ellesmere Island, but is moving towards Russia
Arrow with MN

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9
Q

Grid North

A

Follows orientation of Universal Transverse Mercator system
Arrow with GN

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10
Q

Magnetic Declination

A

Angle between True North and Magnetic North
Used to calibrate compasses

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11
Q

When is True and Magnetic North in 0 degrees?

A

When they’re in the same direction

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12
Q

When is True and Magnetic North positive?

A

When magnetic north is east of true north

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13
Q

When is True and Magnetic North negative?

A

When magnetic north is west of true north

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14
Q

Angle between True North and Grid North

A

Grid Declination

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15
Q

What do contour lines represent?

A

The elevations of points on the ground
Illustrate the shape of the land surface
Can be negative or positive

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16
Q

The number and horizontal separation between contour lines

A

A reflection of steepness of a slope

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17
Q

Every 5th line in a contour lines is what?

A

An Index contour

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18
Q

What are location systems?

A

The methods by which locations of things are recorded

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19
Q

3 most widely used location systems in Canada?

A
  1. Legal Description
  2. Geographic Systems
  3. Universal Transverse Mercator System
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20
Q

Meridians - Legal System

A

North/South lines

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21
Q

Baselines - Legal Systems

A

East/West lines
First baseline is on US/Canada border
Each subsequent baseline is about 39km (24 miles) north of the previous

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22
Q

Where are townships

A

At each intersection of a baseline and meridian

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23
Q

Townships

A

About 6x6 miles square
Every township is divided into 36 sections

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24
Q

How big are the 36 sections

A

1 mile square

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25
Sections are divided into
4 quarters sections of SE, SW, NE, NW
26
Which one represents Meridian - 5-1-87-18W4
W4 In Western Canada, land is identified as being west of a Meridian
26
Which one represents Range - 5-1-87-18W4
18
26
Which one represents Township - 5-1-87-18W4
87 N/S lines of division
27
Which one represents Section - 5-1-87-18W4
1
27
Which one represents Legal Subdivisions (L.S.D.) - 5-1-87-18W4
5
27
The Geographic System
Based upon the roughly spherical shape of the Earth, refers to position by degrees, minutes and seconds
28
A degree and minute is divided into what?
degree - 60' minute - 60"
29
Locations on geographic system is represented by what 2 coordinates?
latitude and longitude
30
Latitude
Measured in degrees from the equator, increasing as one moves north in our hemisphere, or south in southern hemisphere
31
Longitude
Measured from east to west from the Prime Meridian which is a line running N/S through Greenwich, England
32
Which one represents Degrees - 56o 1’ 40”
56o
33
Which one represents Minutes - 56o 1’ 40”
1’
34
Which one represents Seconds - 56o 1’ 40”
40”
35
Challenges of Cartography
Earth is roughly spherical, however it isn't a true sphere Earth is ellipsoid (oblate spheroid) Rough surface topography of earth is actually best characterized as a geoid
35
Most commonly used map
Lambert Cylindrical
36
Most accurate map yet created
designed by Japanese architect Hajime Narukawa
37
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
An international locational reference system that depicts the Earth's 3D surface in a 2D plane
38
UTM allows users to identify what
geographic locations anywhere on the Earth's surface between northern limits of North America and southern limits of Antarctica
39
What is not included in UTM system and why
Remaining N/S polar regions due to extreme projection distortions in grid
40
Rules when using UTM
1. All measurements must be taken from central meridian due to curvature 2. To avoid complicating location calculations with negative values, easting points are measured from a false origin lying 500,000m west of the zone's central meridian To avoid dealing with negative values
41
How are northing points measured - UTM
Relative to equator
42
UTM grid is composed of:
light blue lines over the entire map vertical easting lines and horizontal northing lines
43
UTM easting and northing coordinates specify
position of a point on Earth
44
Every UTM coordinate consists of what
UTM zone, easting, northing
45
Which one represents UTM zone - UTM 11 0701750 5661700
UTM 11
46
Which one represents easting - UTM 11 0701750 5661700
0701750
47
Which one represents northing - UTM 11 0701750 5661700
5661700
48
Why add a 0 in beginning? - UTM
just so numbers digits are even
49
What are Site designation systems
methods by which archaeologists assign names and numbers to archaeological sites
50
Borden System
Canada's system site of designation divides country into grid of units each measuring 2 degrees of latitude by 4 degrees of longitude
51
What is provenience?
The location of objects on an archaeological site recorded in 3 dimensions from a known point on a site - DATUM
52
How many methods of recording Horizontal Provenience from a datum
3
53
1st method of recording HP from datum
Set up a grid on the site and record an object's location within that grid
54
2nd method of recording HP from datum
Measuring a bearing and a distance from the site datum to the object being recorded
55
3rd method of recording HP from datum
If one has a set up of 2 or more datums the position of an object can be triangulated based on its distance from the datums
56
Vertical Provenience
The 3rd dimension, depth, elevation or altitude
57
3 measurements of vertical provenience
1. Depth below datum (b.d.) 2. Depth below surface (b.s.) 3. Altitude above sea level (a.s.l.)
58
Stratigraphy
An artifacts vertical provenience layering of soils, sediments and deposits
59
How to determine layers
often distinguished by soil color, size, texture and compactness of soil some sites are marked by amount of cultural material found or by cultural features
60
Relative age
Archaeologists use stratigraphy to determine relative age of artifacts and soils
61
Law of Superstition
Basically states lower layers are older than upper layers
62
Processes which may disturb stratigraphy
erosion, rodent burrowing, root action and human burials
63
Profile
The general stratigraphy of a site or a particular excavation unit of a site is illustrated in reports cross-section view of layers through which the archaeologist excavated
64
Harris Matrix
Visual tool that represents three-dimensional stratigraphic layers in a 2D diagram Developed by Dr. Harris. Most recent contexts sit on top and the oldest sit at the bottom, with lines to link them together to represent direct stratigraphic contact

Archaeology 201 (8 decks)

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