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BZ 214: Animal Biology - Vertebrates > LAB QUIZ #3 > Flashcards

LAB QUIZ #3 Flashcards

Amphibians, Non-Avian Reptiles (42 cards)

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1
Q

When did tetrapods diverge?

A

during the Middle Devonian Period.

from Sarcopterygii ancestors.

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2
Q

What are the main morphological changes in the transition to Tetrapods?

A
  • limbs (from fins)
  • lungs/trachea (from swim bladder)
  • interlocking vertebrae
  • pelvic girdle fused to vertebral column
  • ankle joint present
  • urinary bladder (more common)
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3
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Amphibians?

A
  • adults = carnivorous
  • thin, permeable skin
  • ectothermic
  • eggs w/ jelly capsule (not shell)
  • 3-chambered heart!
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4
Q

What is the taxonomy of Class Amphibia?

A

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Amphibia

  • order Anura/Gymnophiona/Urodela/Caudata
  • family
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5
Q

Order Urodela/Cuadata

A

salamanders & newts
- simple body plan
- do not have movement independent of limbs (move like fish)

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6
Q

Order Gymnophiona

A

Caecilians
- worm-like
- fossorial = borrow in ground
- different skull types

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7
Q

Order Anura

A

toads and frogs
- increase specialization of bones/muscles
- some leapers, have elongated hind limbs

all toads are frogs, but not all frogs are toads

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8
Q

Family Bufonidae

Order Anura

A

toads
- short, stubby body/hindlegs
- warty dry skin
- NO cutaneous respiration
- poision glands behind eyes
- lay eggs in line

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9
Q

Family Ranidae

Order Anura

A

frogs
- strong, long webbed hind feet
- mucus-covered smooth skin
- lay eggs in clusters

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10
Q

Nicitating Membrane

Order Anura

A

“third eyelid,” aids in protection and moisture retention.

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11
Q

Tympanic Membrane

Order Anura

A

“eardrum,” different sizes based on needing to hear different frequencies.

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12
Q

Manus

Order Anura

A

4 digits on front appendage.

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13
Q

Pes

Order Anura

A

5 digits on rear appendage.

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14
Q

What are different modes of reproduction in Amphibians?

A

external fertilization = amplexus, foam nests.
internal fertilization = sperm packets, phallodeum.

almost all MUST return to water to breed

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15
Q

What are some reasons for the decline in Amphibians?

A

habitat loss, chytrid fungus.

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16
Q

What are some Bullfrog sex characteristics?

A

females
- tympanum size = to eye
- ovaries, oviduct, ovisac

males
- tympanum size larger than eye
- testes and duct deferens

not applicable to all frog species!

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17
Q

What are some Anuran anatomical characteristics?

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A
  • single palate
  • multiple fusion of bones in limb formation
  • lungs
  • bladder
  • fat bodies (used for energy storage, NOT INSULATION!)
  • 3 chambered hearts
18
Q

What are the main characteristics of the Anuran heart?

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A

3-chambered
- L and R atrium
- ventricle

19
Q

What respiration surfaces do Anuran’s have?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • lungs
  • skin
  • mouth lining
20
Q

When did Amniotes arise?

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A

the Upper Carboniferous Period, major radiation in the Permian Period.

21
Q

What are some amniote characteristics?

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A
  • amniotic egg
  • internal fertilization
  • NO metamorphosis
  • skin/scales (to prevent dessication)
22
Q

What are the 3 NEW extraembryonic membranes in the amniotic egg?

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A

chorion = outer membrane, surrounds entire contents of egg, gass exchange and embryo protection.
amnion = inner membrane, surrounds embryo, additional embryo protection w/ amniotic fluid.
allantois = beneath chorion, stores nitrogenous waste from embryo and oxygen transport.

shell makes eggs less susceptible to dehydration.

23
Q

Anapsid Skull

Study These Flashcards
A

w/o temporal fenestra.

24
Q

Synapsid Skull

Study These Flashcards
A

1 temporal fenestra.

25
Diapsid Skull
2 temporal fenestra.
26
What is the Taxonomy of Class Reptilia?
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia ## Footnote infraclass > superorder > order > suborder
27
Diapsidia
"two arches" = upper and lower temporal arches (*and 2 temporal fenestrae*) - upper arch = postorbital and squasmosal - lower arch = jugal and quadratojugal ## Footnote *arose in Upper Carboniferous Period* - containes Infraclass Lepidosauromorphs and Archosauromorphs (e*verything except order Testudines/Chelonii*)
28
Order Testudines/Chelonii
**turtles** - secondary *anapsid skull* - temperature-dependent sex determination durYing embryonic development. ## Footnote *arose in Triassic Period*
29
What is the anatomy of a turtle shell?
formed of dermal bone, fused to vertebral column - **carapace** = upper shell - **plastron** = lower shell
30
Describe the Chelonian Respiratory System:
- no costal ventilation, fusion of ribs to shell. - lungs attatched to carapace. - inhilation/exhalation requires muscular activity (*cannot breath when retracted into the shell*).
31
What are the 2 extand Suborders of Testudines/Chelonii?
**Suborder Cryptodires** - retracts head into shel by bending neck into s shape. - most turtles. - *ex. tortoises* **Suborder Pleurodires** - retracts head by bendng neck horizontally. - all semi-aquatic. - *ex. African pond turtle*
32
Superorder Lepidosauria
- largest extant group of non-avian reptiles (order Rhynchocephalia & Squamata). - predominantly terrestrial. - skin covered w/ scales, relatively impermeable to water. - outer layer of epidermis is shed.
33
Order Rhychocephalia | *Superorder Lepidosauria*
**tuatara** - 1 species in New Zealand - forage at night when it is cold - lowest active body T on any extant reptile - retains diapsid skiull
34
Order Squamata | *Superorder Lepidosauria*
- determinate growth - quadrate of skull moves, kinetic jaw - greatest variation in size in extant reptiles ## Footnote *Suborders Amphisbaenia, Lacertilia, Serpentes*
35
Suborder Amphisbaenia | *Superorder Lepidosauria, Order Squamata*
worm lizards - fossorial, blunt skulls - most totally limbless (*Bipes retained front limbs*) - body divided into annuli - integumentary muscles allow forward/backward movement underground.
36
Suborder Lacertilia | *Superorder Lepidosauria, Order Squamata*
**lizards** - first seen in early Triassic - varied diets - eyelid w/ nicatating membrane - *sternum present* - most small
37
Suborder Serpentes | *Superorder Lepidosauria, Order Squamata*
**snakes** -descended from limbed squamates (all limbless) - scales differentiated into shields/plates and shed all at once. organs ofted elongated or reduced/lost on one side - *sternum absent* - some venomous
38
Aglyph
w/o fangs.
39
Opisthoglyph
(solid) fangs in rear of maxilla.
40
Proteroglyph
(hollow) fangs in fixed position at front of maxilla.
41
Solenoglyph
(hollow) fangs which rotate on maxilla. ## Footnote *flip in/out*
42
Describe the circulatory system of reptiles:
- no more cutaneous repiration, but still send blood flow to skin. - **partial** ventricular septum present.

BZ 214: Animal Biology - Vertebrates (9 decks)

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