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BZ 214: Animal Biology - Vertebrates > LAB QUIZ #4 > Flashcards

LAB QUIZ #4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Taxonomy for Crocodilians:

A

Class: Reptilia
Order: Crocodilia
- Family: Alligatoridae (alligators & caimans)
- Family: Crocoydylidae (“true” crocodiles)
- Family: Gavialidae (gharial & tomistoma)

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2
Q

What are the extant characterisitcs of Alligatoridae?

A
  • typically darker
  • U-shaped snout
  • ~4m
  • 4th mandibular tooth hidden when jaws closed
  • found in FW Southern US, CA, SA, China
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3
Q

What are the extant characterisitcs of Crocodylidae?

A
  • green/brown
  • V-shaped snout
  • ~5-6m
  • 4th mandibular tooth visible when jaws closed
  • found in Africa, Australia, America
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4
Q

What are the extant characterisitcs of Gavialidae?

A
  • only 2 extant species!
  • darker
  • long/thin snout
  • ~2.6-6m
  • no 4th mandibular tooth
  • only found in Asia
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5
Q

Taxonomy for Avians:

A

Class: Aves
Subclass: Palaeongnathae
Subclass: Neognathae
- Infraclass: Galloanserae
- Infraclass: Neoaves

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6
Q

What are extant bird characteristics?

A
  • beak (toothless)
  • furcula = fused clavicle (wishbone)
  • bipedal posture
    -some have flight
  • internal fertilization
  • lay eggs
  • feathers = modified scales that aid in flight, signaling, and insulation
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7
Q

Contour Feathers

A

outermost feathers, includes wing and tail, large and stiff.

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8
Q

Semiplume Feathers

A

intermediate in structure between contour and down.

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9
Q

Down Feathers (Powdered Down)

A
  • entirely plumaceous, insulation.
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10
Q

Filoplume Feathers

A

hairlike with barbs at the tip, sensory.

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11
Q

Bristle Feathers

A

aroudn the eye and nose, specialized to screen particles, sensory.

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12
Q

Subclass Palaeognathae

A

Ratites
- all flightless
- lack keeled sternum
- no uropygial gland in adults

(except tinamous)

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13
Q

Infraclass Galloanserae

A

gamefowl, landfowl, waterfowl
- feet used for scratching, digging, and webs for swimming
- many walk, run, and fly (NOT FLIGHT)

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14
Q

Infraclass Neoaves

A

most extant birds
- diverse in geological range, coloration ,flight mechanics, locomotion patterns.

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15
Q

Pigeons

A
  • domesticated 5,000+ years ago
  • omnivorous, but prefers plants.
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16
Q

Sclerotic Ring

A

circle of bones that protect the eyeball.

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17
Q

Hyoid Apparatus

A

Y-shaped structure that supports the tongue.

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18
Q

What are characteristics of the pigeon skeleton?

A

post cranial skeleton, fusions throughout such as pelvis fused to synsacrum.

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19
Q

What are types of contour feathers?

A

Remiges = attatch to end of wings (carpometacarpus & phalanges).
Rectrices = found on the tail.
Covert = cover the pectoralis muscles.

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20
Q

Uropygium

A

skin that covors the uropygial gland.

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21
Q

Uropygial Gland

A

produces secretions responsible for preening anf weather-proofing feathers.

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22
Q

Pectoralis m.

A

involved in addiction of wings during flight.

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23
Q

Supracoracoideus m.

A

primary abductor muscle of the wing.

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24
Q

Deltoudeus pars propatagialis m.

A

alter wing curvature, significant role in flight aerodynamics.

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25
Latissiumus dorsi
involved in the stabilization of the shoulder.
26
What are the main components in airflow of birds?
faveolar lungs, air sacs, repiratory system (involved in cooling).
27
Avian Faveolar Lung
- does not change volume accross the respiratory surface (supported by airsacs). - **unidirectional airflow**.
28
Unidirectional Airflow
no intermixing of new and old air, multiple steps per one cycle of breath.
29
Avian Cardiovascular System
- 4 chambered heart - complete seperation of oxygenated and eoxygenated blood. - helps regulate body temp. - L ventricle larger/stronger.
30
Crop
sac-like specialization of esophagus used to store food.
31
2-Part Stomach:
**proventriculus** = secretes strong, hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that begin chemical digestion of food. **gizzard** = highyl muscular and performs most of the mechanical breakdown of food.
32
Duodenum/Small Intestine
remainder of digestion occurs in duodenum and releases nutrients mostly absorbed in the small intestine.
33
Ceca
puches where the small and large intestine join, water and remaining digested material reabsorption.
34
Large Intestine
last water absorption.
35
Cloaca
uric acid secreation.
36
Explain Bird Reproduction:
- internal fertilization. - testes/ovary lie on anterior lobe of kidney. - size/morphology vary in breeding season. - only L side present in F.
37
Explain Bird Mating:
- VERY COMPLEX - varies species to species - lekking - auditory calling - courtship dance - display - cloacal kiss
38
What is the origin of Synapsids?
**diverged** from the Amniotic ancestor siring the *Late Paleozoic*.
39
When did mammalian diversity peak?
after the Cretaceous-Paleogene Extintion Event 65.5 MYA.
40
Class Mammalia Extant Characteristics:
- nourish offspring w/ milk - hair - alveolar lungs - endothermic - kidney has loop of Henle (also birds)
41
Loop of Henle
concentrates urine to reduce water loss.
42
Mammalian Hair
specialized structure of the epidermis.
43
What are 3 the 3 primary layers of the Mammalian Hair?
**medulla** = shrunken cells and air pockets. **cortex** = bulk of hair. **cuticle** = scales, lacks pigment.
44
Undercoat
thermoregulation.
45
Guard Hairs
help guard against the environment, also park of markings and pelage color variation.
46
Vibrissae
sensory/tactile hairs.
47
What are skeletal characteristics of the Mammalian?
- secondary palate - ventilation changes (loss of lumbar ribs, diaphragm/costal ventilation) - heterodont dentition - jaw changes
48
What are the changes in jaw structure of the Mammalian?
migration of the reptilian jaw bones to inner ear: - quadrate --> incus - Articular --> malleus single jaw bone: **dentary** - Angular/Articular-Quadrate jaw joint TO Mammalian Dentary-Squasmosal Jaw Joint
49
Heterodont Teeth
shape varies based on placement.
50
Thecodont Teeth
teeth rooted in sockets.
51
Diphyodont Teeth
2 sets of teeth over lifespan (not all mammals).
52
What are the 5 sections of the Vertebrae?
**Atlas/Axis** = where the skull aticulates w/ vertebrae. 1. **Cervical** = 7 in nearly all mammals (except manatees and sloth). 2. **Thoracic** = 12-15 vertebrae articulate w/ ribs. 3. **Lumbar** 4-7 vertebrae. 4. **Sacral** = fused in most to form Os-Sacrum. 5. **Caudal** = make up tail.
53
Order Monotremata
duck-billed platapuses and echidnas. - oviparous - cloaca - reptilian gait - milk pads ## Footnote edentate = lack teeth.
54
Clade Metatheria
- 6 orders - angular process of lower jaw inflected - small braincase - short gestation, continue developement in marsupium (not all have). - placentae present extended lactation period epipubic bones present ## Footnote kangaroo, possum
55
Clade Eutheria
Placental Mammals
56
Order Chioptera
**only volant mammals** - Suborder Yangochiroptera and Suborder Yinpterochiroptera.
57
Suborder Yangochiroptera
"microbats" - large ears, small eyes - seperated incisors - echolocation - claw on first digit
58
Suborder Yinpterochiroptera
"megabats" - small ears, large eyes - no echolocation - claws on first and second digit
59
Order Carnivora
carnivores, herbivores, omnivores. - carnasial pair (most) - developed canines - simple GI ## Footnote Suborder Caniforma (dog-like) Suborder Feliforma (cat-like)
60
Order Perissodactyla
- odd-toed ungulates - rhinos, horses, tapirs
61
Superorder Cetartiodactyla
Order Artiodactyla - even-toed ungulates - ruminates, camels/llamas, pigs Clade Cetacea - larges fusiforms bodies - mostly hairless, blubber - forelimbs modified into flippers - telescoping of skull/rostrum
62
Order Primates
- increase in relative and absolute brain size - forward facing eyes - divergent hallux (except humans) increased mobility/dexterity of hands
63

BZ 214: Animal Biology - Vertebrates (9 decks)

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