Lab Slides Flashcards by Scott Anderson

Skeletal muscle (4)

Attached to bones
Striated
Multinucleated
Voluntary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac

Cells contract as a unit
Striated
1 nucleus per cell
Involuntary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Smooth muscle

Movement within internal organs
No striation
1 nucleus per cell
Involuntary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epithelial Tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Epithelial Tissue form?

Membranes and glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Squamous example

Epidermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cuboidal example

salivary ducts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Columnar example

lining of digestive & resp tracts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the three epithelial

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exocrine glands

Have ducts
secrete chemicals outside body or into digestive tract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endocrine glands

Do ducts
Secrete hormones into blood
(Adrenal gland)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Connective Tissue

Sparse scattering of cells in an extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Connective tissue function

Bind and Support

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Connective Tissue Proper

Tendons, ligaments, adipose, dermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Other Connective Tissue

Cartilage, bone, blood vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sensitivity

Difference between high and setpoint (or low and setpoint)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Molality

moles solute/Kg solvent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pH (Mathmatically)

log(1/[H+])

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pH of blood

7.4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Easily cross lipid bilayer

Non-polar
Small uncharged polar molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Don’t easily cross lipid bilayer

Charged
Large Polar Molecules (glucose)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Osmolality

Multiply by # of particles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypertonic solution, cell does what

Crenates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypotonic solution, cell does what

bursts

Tool for measuring cholesterol

Colorimeter/spectrometer

Beer's Law

Concentration of a material in solution is proportional to the amount of light absorbed by the solution

What kind of light does colorimeter use?

monochromatic

Name a chemical catalyst

Ferric Oxide

Saturation

all or most of the enzymes are bound to substrate molecules

Catalyst for Starch digestion

Amylase

Iodine Test

Detects Starch

Benedict's Test

Detects Maltose

Reflex

Involuntary motor response to stimulus without involvement of higher brain tissue

Why reflexes

To prevent tissue damage

Reflex arc

nerve impulse pathway of a reflex

Afferent

Sends message to CNS

Efferent

Sends message away from CNS to effector

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Only 2 neurons One neuron-neuron synapse

Muscle Spindle

clusters of sensory cells in skeletal muscle

Merkel's Discs

Sustained Touch/Pressure

Pacinian Corpuscle

Deep Pressure

Ruffini Endings

Sustained Pressure

Meissner's Corpuscle

Texture

Free Nerve Ending

Soft touch, hot, cold, nociception

Receptor Field

Area of the skin that can activate a single neuron

Sensory Adaptation

In response to constant stimulus, many receptors decrease firing rate

Phasic receptors

Decrease firing rate in response to constant stimulus

Diopter

1/focal length Measurement of lens power

Name of eye chart

Snellen chart

20/60 vision

Near-sighted

Rhodopsin

Photopigment in rod cells

Positive Afterimage

Exposure to bright light results in continued perception of image after looking away

Positive afterimage why?

Ganglia continue to fire because it takes time for photopigment to return to it's original state

Negative afterimage

Prolonged exposure to an object results in continued perception of image in opposite colors after looking away

Negative afterimage why?

Sensory adaptation, cone becomes desensitized/photobleached Opposite colors become sensitive

Loudness of sound waves

Amplitude

Normal Sound Range

20-20,000 Hz

Auricle

Outer Ear

External auditory meatus

Ear canal (Outer ear)

Tympanic membrane

Causes auditory ossicles to vibrate Damage to it causes Conduction Deafness (Middle ear)

Auditory Ossicles

Bones Transmit vibrations to inner ear (Middle ear) Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Cochlea

Inner ear Transduction of sound energy into electrical impulses

Organ of Corti

Inner ear Part of Cochlea Contains hair cells

Inner ear deafness called

Sensorineural deafness

Conductive hearing loss test

Rinne Test

Helicotrema

Far end of organ of corti

Low frequencies produce displacement where?

End of cochlea Apex Near helicotrema

Sarcomere

Z-disc to Z-disc

Motor Unit

Motor neuron + all muscle fibers it controls

Twitch

Single short contraction due to single pulse of stimulation

Summation

Pulses of stimulation in rapid succession build on previous stimulus, adding to the response Can't fully relax between stimuli

Tetanus

Complete muscle contraction As stimulus frequency increases, summation occurs until tetanus is reached

EMG

Measures electrical activity produced by contracting muscles

Agonist

Muscle that's causing movement

Intrafusal fibers

Muscle spindles

Extrafusal fibers

Normal muscle fibers

Alpha motor neuron

Innervates EF fibers

Gamma motor neuron

Innervates IF

What does activation of gamma neuron do?

Spindle tightening Increased sensitivity

Endomysium

Between muscle fibers