Physio Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Anion
A
Negative Ion
2
Q
Cation
A
Positive Ion
3
Q
3x2 Epithelial Tissue Types
A
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar.
Simple vs. stratified
4
Q
Isomer
A
Same molecular formula, different structure
5
Q
Structural Isomer
A
Different Covalent Arrangement
6
Q
Geometric Isomer
A
Same covalent arrangement,
different spatial arrangement (e.g. cis vs. trans)
7
Q
Stereoisomer
A
Mirror image
8
Q
Aliphatic
A
Linear
9
Q
Aromatic
A
Ring
10
Q
Dehydration Synthesis
A
Endothermic, links monomers together, releases water as byproduct
11
Q
Hydrolysis
A
Uses water to break apart covalent bonds. Breaks water
12
Q
3 6C monosaccharides
A
Glucose, fructose, galactose
13
Q
3 Disaccharides
A
Maltose, sucrose, lactose
14
Q
3 Polysaccharides
A
Glycogen, cellulose, starch
15
Q
Ketone bodies
A
4C acidic molecules. Byproducts of Fatty acid breakdown
16
Q
Amphipathic
A
Part hydrophobic, part hydrophyllic
17
Q
What part of phospholipid is hydrophillic?
A
Phosphate (outside)
18
Q
Prostoglandins
A
signaling molecules
cyclic hydrocarbons
19
Q
Bond joining amino acids
A
Peptide Bond
20
Q
Polypeptide
A
Many amino acids linked together
21
Q
Primary structure
A
Amino acid sequence
22
Q
Secondary structure
A
Alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
Formed by H-bonds btw atoms of backbone
23
Q
Tertiary structure
A
Overall 3-D structure maintained by interactions of R-groups
24
Q
Quaternary Structure
A
Stable interactions btw 2 or more polypeptides
25
DNA nitrogen bases
A, C, T, G
26
DNA what pairs with what
A - T
G - C
27
RNA Bases
A - U
G - C
28
DNA -> DNA process, and enzyme
Replication, DNA Polymerase
29
DNA -> RNA Process and Enzyme
Transcription, RNA Polymerase
30
RNA -> protein process
Translation, Ribosome
31
mRNA
Carries info specifying protein sequence from DNA to ribosomes
32
tRNA
carries AA to ribosome
33
rRNA
catalytic and structural roles in ribosomes
34
Triglycerides
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
35
Where are: Cilia, flagellum?
trachea, sperm
36
Microvilli
microscopic folds which increase surface area
37
Ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis
38
Mitochondria
Powerhouse. Has own DNA. Inherited from mother
39
Lysosomes
Digestive compartments. Breaks down damaged organelles and engulfed material. Role in apoptosis
40
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
41
3 phases of lysosomes
Primary - Before "food"
Secondary - once fused with "food"
Residual Body - with indigestible material
42
Peroxisomes (and where)
Involved in oxidative reactions. Eliminates free radicals
Found in liver
43
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes attached. Protein synthesis (membrane-bound)
44
Where in body find rER?
Pancreas and antibody producers
45
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No ribosomes. Site of lipid synthesis.
46
Where smooth ER?
Liver
47
Golgi Complex
Modification, packaging and sh
48
Chromatin
DNA bound by proteins
49
Histones
Proteins which bind DNA
50
Heterochromatin
highly condensed, inaccessible DNA
51
Euchromatin
less condensed, accessible DNA
52
Codon
three base DNA/RNA code
53
anticodon
3 nt on tRNA that bind to mRNA
54
Cytoplasmic proteins
made on free ribosomes
55
Made on ribosomes bound to rough ER
secreted, membrane, and certain organelle proteins
56
which part of the ribosome forms the peptide bond
rRNA
57
Cyclin proteins
promote cell cycle
58
Tumor suppressor protein
Stop cell cycle, p53
59
Hypertrophy
Growth: increase cell size
60
Hyperplasia
Growth: increase number of cells
61
Necrosis
pathological cell death (disease, injury)
62
6 Cancer characteristics
1. Genetically abnormal
2. Hyperplasia
3. Immortal
4. Dedifferentiation
5. Invasiveness
6. Angiogenesis (induce blood vessels to grow towards it)
63
How do cells become cancerous?
1. Spontaneous
2. Chemical carcinogens
3. Radiation
4. Viruses
64
Proto-oncogene
normal gene that promotes cell survival/proliferation
65
Oncogene
mutated gene that over stimulates cell division
66
Metastasis
cancer cells enter blood or tissue fluids and travel to other parts of the body
67
Meiosis 1st Division
Crossing over/Genetic diversity
67
Substrate
Starting material
67
Enzymes
Biological catalysts
68
Enzyme active site
pocket where substrates bind
68
5 factors which affect enzyme activity
1. temperature
2. pH
3. Cofactors and coenzymes
4. Concentration of substrates & enzymes
5. Inhibitors
69
Cofactors
Inorganic molecules such as metal ions
70
Coenzymes
organic molecules derived from vitamins
71
Allosteric inhibition
Inhibits by binding to site other than active site.
Stops overproduction
72
Catabolism
Breakdown of large molecules, releases energy
73
Anabolism
Synthesis of large molecules, requires energy
74
What is ATP
Adenosine TriPhosphate
75
Process which converts lactic acid to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
76
Enzyme that makes ATP
ATP Synthase
77
Glycogenesis
production of glycogen from glucose
78
Glycogenolysis
hydrolysis of glycogen to produce glucose-6-P
79
Insulin
Promotes glycogenesis
80
Glucagon
Promotes glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
81
Epinephrine
Promotes glycogenolysis
82
Lipolysis
hydrolysis of fat.
Over 300 ATPs from 1 triglyceride
83
Amino Acid Production #
20 amino acids, 9 essential
84
Transamination
transfer of amine group from one aa to another
85
Oxidative deamination
Removal of amine group from amino acid. Product enters Krebs cycle
86
Main energy source: Brain, liver, muscle
Brain: Glucose
Everything else: Fatty acids
87
Where are Osmoreceptors?
Hypothalamus
88
What part of brain is the integrator in the thirst process?
Hypothalamus
89
Na/K pump quantities
pumps out 3 Na+
pumps in 2 K+
90
Which ion is concentrated in the cell at RMP?
K+
91
Causes of RMP
1. Difference in ion concentration (Na/K pumps)
2. Difference in permeability of membrane to Na/K/Others
3. Presence of fixed anions inside cell
92
CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord
93
PNS
Motor and Sensory nerves
94
Ganglion
Clusters of cell bodies in PNS
95
Ganglia
Clusters of cell bodies in PNS
96
Dendrites
thin branched extensions of cytoplasm
97
Collateral axons
side branches
98
Afferent Neuron
Sensory. Receptor to CNS
99
Efferent Neuron
Motor. CNS to effector
100
Somatic Motor Neurons
reflex and voluntary control of skeletal muscle
101
Autonomic motor neurons
innervate involuntary effectors
102
Interneurons
located in CNS and interconnect neurons in CNS
103
Glial Cells
Supporting cells
104
Schwann Cells
PNS.
Form sheath around axons
105
Satellite cells
Support neuron cell bodies within ganglia of PNS
106
Nodes of ranvier
gaps between adjacent schwann cells
107
Oligodendrocytes (damged, what disease?)
CNS
form myelin sheath in CNS.
White matter in CNS
Diseased (MS)
108
Ependymal cells
cavities of brain and central canal of spinal cord
109
Microglia
Debris & Waste
110
Astrocytes
Help regulate neuron's external environment in CNS
BBB
K, NT, Glucose uptake
111
When does absolute refractory period end?
when potential crosses the RMP line and goes into hyperpolarization
112
Saltatory conduction
AP "leaps" from node to node in myelinated axon
113
EPSP
Excitatory synapses. moves closer to AP
114
IPSPs
Inhibitory synapse. moves further from AP
115
Where is post synaptic potential summed
axon hillock
116
Two types of ACh receptors
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
117
Nicotinic ACh Receptors
Depolarization. EPSP
Large Na+ influx
118
Muscarinic ACh receptor
K+ Flow (stop or grow)
G-Protein
EPSP or IPSP
119
What removes ACh
Acetylcholine esterase
120
ACh in Somatic Motor Neurons
Nicotinic
121
ACh in parasympathetic autonomic nervous system
Muscarinic
Cardiac - inhibitory
Smooth Muscle - excitatory
122
Loss of cholinergic neurons
Alzheimer's
123
Serotonin
Regulates mood, behavior, appetite
124
Norepinephrine
CNS - general behavioral arousal
PNS - Fight or flight
125
What overstimulates norepinephrine system
amphetamines
126
Where are dopamine neurons found?
Substantia nigra
127
Degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons
Parkinsons
128
Glutamic and Aspartic acids
Important for memory storage and learning
EPSPs
NMDA
129
Glycine
IPSP
inhibit antagonistic muscle
Coordination
130
What is most prevalent NT in brain
GABA
131
What disease is deficiency in GABA neurons
Huntington's disease
132
GABA
Motor Control NT
Mood and Emotion
133
Polypeptide NTs
Substance P
Endorphins
Endogenous Opioids
134
Substance P
Involved in the perception of pain
135
Endocannabinoids
NTs similar to THC
Lipids
Learning, memory, appetite
136
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Many roles
In PNS, smooth muscle relaxation
137
Monoamine Oxidase
Enzymes that degrades monoamines in presynaptic neuron
138
Monoamine Removal
Reuptake by presynaptic neuron
139
CNS Protection (4)
Cranium & vertebral column
Meninges
CSF
BBB
140
Neural Crest
Becomes ganglia of PNS
141
Neural Tube
Becomes CNS
142
Forebrain Parts
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
143
Cerebrum
Higher brain function. Sensory integration. Voluntary movement
144
Basal Nuclei
Grey matter deep within the cerebrum
Voluntary Movement
Inhibitory role
145
Frontal Lobe
Prefrontal Cortex
Primary motor Cortex
Broca's Area
146
Prefrontal Cortex
Higher cognitive function
147
Primary motor cortex
located in precentral gyrus
Voluntary motor control
148
Broca's area
Speaking ability
Left
149
Parietal Lobe
Sensory
Contains somatosensory cortex (Post-central gyrus)
Proprioception
150
Occipital lobe
Process visual input
151
Temporal Lobes
Auditory input
Involved in memory
152
Insula Lobes
Located inside
memory, sensory, visceral integration
153
Left Brain
Language
Math & Logic
154
Corpus Callosum
Connects hemispheres
155
Why did they used to sever the corpus callosum?
To treat epilepsy
156
Wernicke's area
Understanding written and spoken language
LEFT
157
Aphasias
language disorders
158
Diencephalon parts
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
159
Thalamus
Relay Center
Sensory information passes on way to cerebrum
160
Epithalamus
Choroid plexus - Produces CSF
Pineal Gland - Secretes melatonin
161
Hypothalamus (1)
Works with limbic system to control emotion
Integrates many homeostatic functions
162
Hypothalamus
Regulates pituitary
Link between autonomic nervous and endocrine system
Neural center for hunger, thirst, temperature
Works with limbic system to control emotion
Integrates many homeostatic functions
163
Midbrain
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra
164
Superior colliculi
Visual reflexes
165
Inferior colliculi
Relay center for auditory information
166
Red nucleus
Forms connections with cerebrum and cerebellum for motor coordination
167
Substantia nigra
Forms connections with basal nuclei for motor coordination
168
Hindbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
169
Pons
Helps control respiration rate
170
Cerebellum
Motor learning & coordination of movement
171
Medulla Oblongata
Center for certain reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing
172
Reticular Activating System
Ascending arousal system connecting brain stem with thalamus and hypothalamus
Regulates sleep-wake transitions
173
Emotion controlled by
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
174
Declarative memory
Facts, names
175
Procedural memory
Skills
Ride a bike
176
Long term potentiation is where?
hippocampus
177
Spinal Nerves Dorsal Root
Sensory fibers
178
Spinal Nerves Ventral Root
Motor fibers
179
Sympathetic ANS
Fight or flight
180
Parasympathetic ANS
Rest & Digest
181
Denervation (Somatic vs. Autonomic)
Somatic: Atrophy
Autonomic: function persists
182
Dual innervation
Most visceral organs are innervated by Symp and Parasymp
183
ANS
Controls involuntary functions
184
P-ANS and S-ANS contain two neurons
Preganglionic neuron - cell body located in CNS
Post ganglionic neuron - cell body located in ganglia
185
Mass activation
most sympathetic postganglionic neurons activated together
186
What hormone does the adrenal gland produce?
adrenaline
187
4 organs without dual innervation
Adrenal medulla
Erector Pili
Sweat Glands
Most blood vessels
(Sympathetic neurons)
188
Most direct control of ANS
Medulla oblongata
189
Limbic system
control autonomic response to various emotional states
190
