Lab Terms Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
This is an example of:
A
Agglutination: The clumping of small particles suspended in a solution (like RBCs)
Ex: IMHA (Immune mediated hemolytic anemia)
2
Q
Aggregation
A
a clumped mass of material.
Ex: Platelet Clumps
3
Q
Define: Agranulocyte
A
White blood cell without granules (e.g., monocytes and lymphocytes).
4
Q
Define: Anemia
A
A decrease in hemaglobin, RBC’s and Hematocrit (decreased oxygen carrying capacity)
5
Q
This is an example of:
A
Anisocytosis: Variation in size
This can be due to increased numbers of large RBC or small RBC, or a combination of both. Some degree of anisocytosis is normal in animals.
6
Q
Define: Anuria
A
Unable to produce urine
Ex: Antifreeze toxicity; Leptospirosis
7
Q
Define: Azurophilic granules
A
a cellular object readily stainable with a Romanowsky stain.
8
Q
Define: Basophilia
A
An increase in basophils
Rare
Ex: Some types of leukemia
9
Q
What is this called? When does it occur?
A
Basophilic stippling on RBC’s
Ex: Lead poisoning, rarely anemia
10
Q
Define: Bilirubin
A
an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile. (Will cause serum to be yellow if elevated)
Ex: Elevated in liver failure, fatty liver, leptospirosis.
11
Q
Define: Bilirubinuria
A
Elevated bilirubin in the urine (evaluated on the dipstick)
Ex: can be normal in dogs; Never normal in cats (indicates liver disease)
12
Q
What is in the buffy coat?
A
It contains WBC and platelets
13
Q
Define: Coagulation
A
the action or process of a liquid, especially blood, changing to a solid or semi-solid state.
The formation of a blood clot
14
Q
Define: Conjugated bilirubin
A
The bilirubin that once it reaches the liver and undergoes a chemical change. It moves to the intestines before being removed through your stool.
15
Q
Define: Continence
A
The ability to voluntarily control a reaction like defecation and urination
16
Q
What is this type of RBC called?
A
Crenation: the formation of abnormal notching around the edge of an erythrocyte (burr cell).
Can be seen in urine with a high specific gravity;
17
Q
Define: Crystaluria
A
The presence of crystals in a urine sample
18
Q
Define: Cylinduria
A
The presence of casts in urine
19
Q
Define: Cystocentisis
A
Collection of urine from the bladder with a needle and syringe
20
Q
Define: Dysuria
A
Difficult urination
Can happen when an intact male dog can only pass small amounts of urine due to an elarged prostate.
21
Q
What is this an example of?
A
Ecchymosis
Can occur in rat bait toxicity and ITP (immune mediated thrombocytopenia)
22
Q
Define: Endogenous substances
A
Produced inside an organism or cell
Ex: Hormones, Antibodies
23
Q
Define: Eosinopenia
A
Decrease in eosinophils
Ex: Sepsis, Cushings (increased cortisol)
24
Q
Define: Erythropoiesis
A
The production of new red blood cells
25
Define: EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid )
| What color blood tube is it in?
This white, water-soluble solid is widely used to bind to iron and calcium ions. It prevents blood from clotting
Purple top tubes
26
Define: Exogenous substances
substances that originate from outside a living organism.
| Ex: Antibiotics
27
Define: Fibrinolysis
The breakdown of fibrin
| This breaks down small blood clots in the body
28
Define: Glucosuria
Glucose in the urine (evaluated on dipstick)
| Ex: Diabetes Melitus; some antibiotics can cause a false positive
29
Define: Granulocyte
Any of a group of white blood cells having granules in the cytoplasm.
Ex: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
30
Define: Hematuria
Blood present in the urine
(evaluated on gross exam, dipstick and under the microscope)
Ex: Bladder infection; rat bait toxicity; trauma
31
Define: Hemaglobinura
The presence of hemaglobin in urine
Evaluated grossly (after spinning the urine down) and on the dipstick
Ex: Bladder infection
32
Define: Hemolysis
The destruction or dissolution of red blood cells, with subsequent release of hemoglobin.
Ex: can happen from collection of blood samples
Can also happen in the body by different diseases (ex: IMHA)
33
Define: Hemostasis
The stopage of bleeding
34
Define: Heterophil
predominate granulated leukocyte in the acute inflammatory response in birds
35
Define: Hyperchromasia
Elevated hemaglobin concentration
36
What is this an example of? When does it happen?
Hypersegmented Neutrophil
| Ex: Prolonged life of a neutrophil (increased corticosteroids, inflammation)
37
Define: Hypersthisuria
Elevated specific gravity
| FYI: I have never heard of this word... its dumb...
38
Define: Hypertonic
having an osmotic pressure greater than that of the solution with which it is compared
Ex: Hypertonic saline- used in cattle to correct dehydration and get them to drink more water (elevated salt [NaCl])
Used in dogs/cats with head trauma
39
Define: Hypochromic
Decreased hemaglobin
40
Define: Hyposthinuric
urine with low specific gravity
41
Define: Incontinence
The inability to control defecation or urination
42
Define: Isosthenuria
excretion of urine that has not been concentrated by the kidneys
Specific gravity: 1.001
43
Define: Ketonemia
Presence of ketones in the blood
| Ex: Diabetes melitus, Milk fever
44
Define: Ketonuria
Ketones present in the urine
| Ex: Diabetes mellitus, Milk fever
45
Define: Left shift
Increased immature leukocytes; usually with inflammation or infection
Seen on a blood smear
46
What type of cell if this? When will you see them?
Leptocyte
| Can happen with liver disease
47
Define: Leukemia
Cancerous cells of the any blood line (RBC, WBC, Platelets) or in the bone marrow
48
Define: Leukocytosis
Elevated WBC count
Elevated via CBC machine and Blood smear
Ex: Inflammation, Infection, Leukemia
49
Define: Leukopenia
Decreased WBC count
| EX: Sepsis, infection (tick-borne and others)
50
Define: Lymphocytosis
Elevated lymphocytes
| Ex: infection, corticosteroids, inflammation, stress, post vaccination
51
Define: Macrocytic
Enlarged red blood cells
52
Define: Microcytic
Decreased size of RBCs
53
Define: Micturition
Act of urination
54
Define: Monocytosis
Eleveated monocytes
| Ex: Stress, inflammation, secondary to cancer
55
Define: Myoglobinuria
Myoglobin in the urine
If urine is red and you spin it down and it is still red, that is myoglobinuria
Ex: trauma, heat stroke, myocytis
56
Define: Neutropenia
Decreased neutrophils
| Ex: Sepsis, decreased production (bone marrow), increased destruction (immune mediated)
57
Define: Neutrophilia
Elevated neutrophils
| Ex: Stress, inflammation, infection, increased production
58
Define: New Methylene blue (NMB)
| What is it used for
A basic thiazine dye
| Used for: used to evaluate inclusions in the RBCs
59
Define: Normochromic
Normal level of hemaglobin
60
Define: Normocytic
Normal RBC size
61
What is this? When do you see them?
```
Nucleated RBC (nRBC)
Immature RBC
Ex: Seen in regenerative anemias (the body is trying to produce RBCs and spits them out too early.. so they still have a nucleus)
```
62
Define: Oliguria
Decreased urine output
63
Define: Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
Measure of red blood cell mass (amount of RBCs in the blood)
Ex: Elevated PCV- Dehydration
Decreased PCV- Anemia
64
What is this an example of?
Petechiae
| Ex: occurs with ITP (immune mediated thrombocytopeina); Anaplasmosis
65
Define: pH
a measure of the degree to which a solution is acidic or alkaline (basic)
Ex: Measured on urine dipstick
66
Define: Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood that contains water, proteins, mineral salts, sugars, fats, hormones and vitamins.
67
Define: Poikilocytosis
RBCs with an abnormal shape
68
Define: Point of care testing
A test that can be run "bed side" or "cage side"
| Ex: The only one we have at the clinic is the glucometer
69
Define: Pollakiuria
Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
Ex: When an owner calls to say a male cat is in and out of the litter box constantly passing tiny amounts of urine (Right before they become obstructed)
70
Define: Polychromasia
RBCs appear bluish; indicating young RBCs (like in a regenerative anemia)
71
Define: Polychromatiphilia
RBCs staining differently due to them being immature
72
Define: Polycythemia
Increase in total RBC volume (seen on CBC machine or PCV)
| Ex: Dehydrated animals; EVERY Dachshaund I do blood on has this
73
Define: Polyuria
Excessive urination
| EX: Cusings, Diabetes Mellitus, chronic kidney disease
74
Define: Postparandial
After eating
75
Define: Protienuria
Protien in the urine
| Ex: cause by kidney disease, Lyme disease, if there is RBC, WBC or bacteria in the urine
76
Define: RBC
The blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body
77
Define: Right Shift
When there is a large number of abnormally mature WBCs in the blood.
I have never heard of this... your book is dumb ;)
78
What is happening with these red blood cells?
Rouleaux (this is NOT agglutination)
Normal in: Horses, cats
Abnormal in dogs- can happen with elevated globulins (cancer, infection)
79
What are the circled cells? Why does it happen
Schistocytes
Ex: Disseminated intravascular coagulation, glomerular disease, vasculitis, portosystemic shunts and vascular neoplasms (e.g. hemangiosarcoma)
80
What are these? Why do they happen?
Smudge cells
| Usually occur with leukemia
81
Define: Specific Gravity
measurement of the density of urine compared to pure water
| Used to evaluate the kidneys concentrating ability
82
What type of cell is this? When do we see these?
Spherocytes
RBCs with lack of central pallor
Ex: IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia)
83
What type of cells are these? When do they happen?
Stomatocytes
| Ex: Hereditary in husky's; Normal finding in dolphins :)
84
Define: Thrombocytosis
Elevated Platelets
| Ex: Common in thyroid disease and cushings; can also see with IBD
85
Define: Thrombocytopenia
Decreased platelets
| Ex: Anaplasmosis, ITP (immune mediated thrombocytopenia)
86
Define: Thrombocythemia
A disease where the bone marrow produces too many platelets
87
What type of cell is this? What causes them?
Torocyte
| Usually an artifact from slide preperation
88
What type of cell is this? What causes it?
Toxic neutrophil
| Ex: Inflammation, infection
89
Define: Turbidity
Cloudiness of a liquid (like urine)
90
Define: Urinometer
A type of instrument to measure specific gravity
91
Define: Urobilin
a brownish pigment formed by oxidation of urobilinogen; found in the feces and sometimes in the urine after standing in the air.
92
Define: Urobilinogen
a colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin
93
Define: Urolith
Bladder stone
94
Define: White blood cell (WBC)
Blood cells that function as part of the immune system
95
Define: Anticoagulant
A solution that prevents blood from clotting (Heparin, EDTA, Citrate)
96
Define: Azotemia
Elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
97
Define: Bile
a clear yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver. It is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder, and is poured into the small intestine via the bile ducts when needed for digestion.
98
Define: Cholestasis
An interuption in excretion of bile from the gallbladder
| Ex: Liver disease, mucus in gallbladder
99
Define: Dry chemistry
the use of strips impregnated with dry reagents to which the specimen is added.
Ex: Urinalysis strips
100
Define: Electrolytes
Salts and minerals that can conduct electrical impulses in the body. Common electrolytes are sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and sodium bicarbonate. Electrolytes control the fluid balance of the body and are important in muscle contraction, energy generation, and almost every major biochemical reaction in the body.
101
Define: Electrophoresis
Used to seperate out different types of proteins.
| Ex: Used to differentiate types of proteins in blood to help diagnosis tick borne disease veruses cancer
102
Define: Endogenous
Made in the body
103
Define: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
any enzyme immunoassay using an enzyme-labeled immunoreactant (antigen or antibody)
Ex: Our 4dx uses this
104
Define: Hemoglobinemia
presence of free hemoglobin in the blood plasma
| Ex: IMHA
105
Define: Hypercalcemia
Elevated calcium
| Ex: Anal gland tumors cause calcium to rise
106
Define: Hyperchloremia
Elevated chloride in the blood
| Ex: Can happen with renal (kidney) failure
107
Define: hyperglycemia
Elevated blood glucose
| Ex: Diabetes mellitus; stress (esp cats!!)
108
Define: Hyperkalemia
Elevated potassium
| Ex: Addisons, Leptospirosis, Blocked cats
109
Define: Hyperlipidemia
```
Elevated lipids (fats) in the blood
Ex: Caused by hypothyroidism (dogs) or can be genetic
```
110
Define: Hypernatremia
Elevated sodium in the blood
| Ex: Paint ball toxicity
111
Define: hyperparathyroidism
The parathyroid gland is over producing hormones that cause the body to over produce calcium and in turn lose phosphorus.
112
Define: hyperphosphatemia
Elevated blood phosphorus
| Ex: Kidney failure (causes them to not eat)
113
Define: Hypocalcemia
Decreased blood calcium
| Ex: Inflammatory bowel disease (decreased absorption); Milk fever, Labor
114
Define: Hypochloremia
Decreased chloride in the body
| Ex: Vomiting (there is a lot of chloride in the stomach acid)
115
Define: Hypokalemia
Decreased blood potassium
| Ex: Chronic kidney disease (lost into the urine)
116
Define: Hyponatremia
Decreased sodium
| Ex: Vomiting (sodium follows chloride)
117
Define: Hypoparathyroidism
Where the parathyroid gland does not produce enough calcium and will then over produce phosphorus
118
Define: Hypophosphatemia
Decreased blood phosphorus
| Ex: Hyperparathyroidism; Milk fever
119
Define: icterus
The yellow coloration of serum, plasma, mucous membranes, sclera when the liver is not functioning
120
Define: Lipemia
When serum or plasma has a white, milky apperance due to high blood fat
121
Define: Malabsorption
Unable to absorb nutrients well
122
Define: Myositis
Inflammation of muscles
123
Define: Osmostic pressure
the pressure required to stop osmosis through a semipermeable membrane between a solution and pure solvent; it is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.
Example: If a pet has low albumin the liquid portion of the blood will freely flow out of blood vessles into the tissue causing edema.
124
Define: Photometry
Measurement of the intensity of light- used in our chemistry machine to measure the level of enzymes in the blood (like in our Chem 10 etc)
125
Define: Prehepatic
Happening before the liver
| Prehepatic cholestasis can be cause by pancreatitis (the pancrease swells and block excretion of bile)
126
Define: Rapid immunomigration
Can be used to detect bacterial particles (other brands of heartworm tests use this)
127
Define: Refractometer
Used to measure specific gravity and total protein
128
Define: Serum
an amber-colored, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates. Does not contain fibrinogen
