Pharmacology

Question 1

Aminoglycosides

Answer 1

Antibiotic
Examples: Gentamicin (otomax); Tobramycin (cat eye drops)
Risks: Can be ototoxic, if using injectable there is a risk of renal toxicity

Question 2

Cephalosporins, 1st generation

Answer 2

Antibiotic
Uses: Cephalexin, cefazolin
Warnings: Do not use in pets allergic to penicillins

Question 3

Cephalosporins; 2nd generation

Answer 3

Antibiotic

Question 4

Cephalosporins, 3rd generation

Answer 4

Antibiotic
Uses: Cefpodoxime, Convenia
Warnings: Do not use in pets allergic to penicillins

Question 5

Licosamides and Macrolides

Answer 5

Antibiotic
Uses: Clindamycin, Azithromycin, Tylosin
Caution: Clindamycin in rabbits, horses, hamsters

Question 6

Penicillins

Answer 6

Antibiotic

Uses: Amoxicillin, Clavamox, betacillin, Penicillin, Ampicillin

Question 7

Quinolones

Answer 7

Antibiotic “big gun”
Uses: Enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, marbofloxacin
Warnings: Do not use in young large and giant breed dogs; caution with enrofloxacin in cats!!

Question 8

Sulfonamides

Answer 8

Antibiotic
Uses: Trimethoprim-sulfa, Albon
Warnings: Can cause severe dry eye

Question 9

Tetracyclines

Answer 9

Antibiotic
Uses: Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline
Warnings: Caution with use in young/pregnant animals can cause damage to developing teeth

Question 10

Miscellaneous antibiotics

Answer 10

Antibiotics
Names: Chloramphenacol- bone marrow suppression in people
Metronidizole- can cause seizures at high doses
Florfenicol-NuFlor, Claro

Question 11

Antifungals

Answer 11

Used to treat yeast infections

Fluconazole, itraconozole, nystatin(entederm), ketoconazole (causes liver damge); terbinafine

Question 12

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory)

Answer 12

blocks a specific enzyme called cyclooxygenase (or COX) used by the body to make prostaglandins.

Used to help control pain (short term and long term)

Examples: Meloxicam, carprofen, Previcox, galiprant, flunixin (banamine)

Caution: Can cause liver and renal issues; give with food or can cause ulcerations
In small animal CANNOT combine with steroids

Question 13

Opioids

Answer 13

attach to proteins called opioid receptors on nerve cells in the brain, spinal cord, gut, and other parts of the body

Used for sedation and pain control

Types: Butorphanol, Hydromorphone, buprenorphine

Side effects: Vomiting, panting, bradycardia

Question 14

Local anesthetics

Answer 14

stop the nerves in a part of your body sending signals to your brain; blocks sodium channels

Used to treat pain locally

Examples: Lidocaine, Bupivicane

Caution: Neurotoxic in high doses,

Question 15

Miscellaneous Pain medications

Answer 15

Gabapentin, tramadol, Amantadine

Question 16

Glycosaminoglycans

Answer 16

Used for joint health

Examples: Glucosamine (cosequin, synovi g4)

Question 17

Injectable induction agents

Answer 17

Blocks receptors in the brain to cause sedation

Used to induce anesthesia

Propofol- causes apnea

Ketamine (needs to be combined with something else, or too rigid)

Question 18

Inhalents

Answer 18

augmenting signals to chloride channels (GABA receptors) and potassium channels while depressing neurotransmission pathways

Used to maintain anesthesia

Isoflurane, sevoflurane, Desflurane

Can cause vasodilation, dropping blood pressure

Question 19

Benzodiazepines

Answer 19

Benzodiazepines enhance the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Used for sedation and control of seizures

Diazepam (valium); Midazolam, alprazolam

Question 20

Phenothiazine

Answer 20

acts as a dopamine receptor antagonist in the CNS,

Uses sedation; restraint

Acepromazine

Question 21

Alpha-2 Agonists

Answer 21

presynaptic alpha-2receptors in the central nervous system, activating inhibitory neurons which lead to a reduction in sympathetic output via a negative feedback mechanism

Used for sedation

Dexmedetomidine (can reverse with antipamizole)

Xylazine (can reverse with yohimbine)

Caution with severe heart disease; causes marked bracycardia

Question 22

Anticonvulsants

Answer 22

Used to control seizures
Benzodiazepines (used for short control)
Oral medications: Phenobarbitol; Zonisamide, Levetiracetam, Potassium bromide

Question 23

Muscle relaxant

Answer 23

Used to help control muscle spasm

Methocarbamol (used in IVDD and also some toxicities)

Question 24

Ionotropics

Answer 24

increasing intracellular calcium

Used to increase the contraction of the heart

Pimobenden/Vetmedin

Question 25

Andrenergics

Answer 25

Used to increase heart rate in emergency situations | Dopamine, Epinephrine

Question 26

Anticholinergics

Answer 26

competitively inhibit binding of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Used to treat bradycardia Atropine (transient decrease in heart rate after injection)

Question 27

Beta blockers

Answer 27

blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline Used to arrythmias Propanolol; atenollol

Question 28

Calcium channel blockers

Answer 28

preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries. Used to help control high blood pressure Amlodipine

Question 29

Neuromuscular blocking agents

Answer 29

prevent the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby preventing skeletal muscle contraction. Inhibit movement of muscles Succinylcholine

Question 30

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Answer 30

prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels Used to treat congestive heart failure, high blood pressure in dogs and protein losing nephropathy Enalapril, Benazepril

Question 31

Sodium Channel Blockers

Answer 31

inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity. Lidocaine, Procainamide Can be used to treat VPCs

Question 32

Diuretics

Answer 32

diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water losses. Used to decrease edema in tissues like the lungs and around the lungs (cats) Furosemide, Spironolactone

Question 33

Anticoagulants

Answer 33

Suppressing the synthesis or function of various clotting factors that are normally present in the blood. Used to inhibit clot formation Heparin, EDTA

Question 34

Bronchodilators

Answer 34

Beta-2 agonists work by stimulating receptors called beta-2 receptors in the muscles that line the airways, which causes them to relax Used in asthma, collapsing trachea Albuterol, Theophylline

Question 35

Inhaled steroids

Answer 35

Fluticasone | Used in cats with asthma

Question 36

Antihistamines

Answer 36

Block the release of histamine from cells Used in allergic animals, does not work well Diphenhydramine, Cyproheptidine, Hydroxyzine

Question 37

Anti-tussive

Answer 37

Most block the opioid receptors in the airways Used for cough supression in collapsing trachea dogs Butorphanol, Hydrocodone

Question 38

Antiemetics

Answer 38

Decrease nausea and vomiting Maropitant (cerenia); Ondansetron

Question 39

Anti ulcer agents

Answer 39

Famotidine, ranitidine, omeprazole- block stomach acid Sucralfate- coats ulcers that are present

Question 40

Appetite stimulants

Answer 40

Cyproheptadine, carpromorelin (entyce, elura)

Question 41

Prokinetic Agents

Answer 41

Increase gut motility Metoclopramide

Question 42

Laxative

Answer 42

Soften stools Polyethylene glycol (miralax); lactulose, docusate

Question 43

Anti-diarrheals

Answer 43

Slow downt the GI tract Kaolin pectin, Bismuth (will cause black stools)

Question 44

Emetics

Answer 44

Cause vomiting Apomorphine

Question 45

Thyroid hormones

Answer 45

Levothyroxine- used in hypothyroidism (dogs) Methimazole- used in hyperthyroidism (cats)

Question 46

Corticosteroids

Answer 46

Used to supress the immune system, used to decrease inflammation Dexamethasone, Prednisone