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Vet Tech Review > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Antibiotic
Examples: Gentamicin (otomax); Tobramycin (cat eye drops)
Risks: Can be ototoxic, if using injectable there is a risk of renal toxicity

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2
Q

Cephalosporins, 1st generation

A

Antibiotic
Uses: Cephalexin, cefazolin
Warnings: Do not use in pets allergic to penicillins

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3
Q

Cephalosporins; 2nd generation

A

Antibiotic

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4
Q

Cephalosporins, 3rd generation

A

Antibiotic
Uses: Cefpodoxime, Convenia
Warnings: Do not use in pets allergic to penicillins

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5
Q

Licosamides and Macrolides

A

Antibiotic
Uses: Clindamycin, Azithromycin, Tylosin
Caution: Clindamycin in rabbits, horses, hamsters

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6
Q

Penicillins

A

Antibiotic

Uses: Amoxicillin, Clavamox, betacillin, Penicillin, Ampicillin

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7
Q

Quinolones

A

Antibiotic “big gun”
Uses: Enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, marbofloxacin
Warnings: Do not use in young large and giant breed dogs; caution with enrofloxacin in cats!!

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8
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Antibiotic
Uses: Trimethoprim-sulfa, Albon
Warnings: Can cause severe dry eye

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9
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Antibiotic
Uses: Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline
Warnings: Caution with use in young/pregnant animals can cause damage to developing teeth

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10
Q

Miscellaneous antibiotics

A

Antibiotics
Names: Chloramphenacol- bone marrow suppression in people
Metronidizole- can cause seizures at high doses
Florfenicol-NuFlor, Claro

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11
Q

Antifungals

A

Used to treat yeast infections

Fluconazole, itraconozole, nystatin(entederm), ketoconazole (causes liver damge); terbinafine

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12
Q

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory)

A

blocks a specific enzyme called cyclooxygenase (or COX) used by the body to make prostaglandins.

Used to help control pain (short term and long term)

Examples: Meloxicam, carprofen, Previcox, galiprant, flunixin (banamine)

Caution: Can cause liver and renal issues; give with food or can cause ulcerations
In small animal CANNOT combine with steroids

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13
Q

Opioids

A

attach to proteins called opioid receptors on nerve cells in the brain, spinal cord, gut, and other parts of the body

Used for sedation and pain control

Types: Butorphanol, Hydromorphone, buprenorphine

Side effects: Vomiting, panting, bradycardia

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14
Q

Local anesthetics

A

stop the nerves in a part of your body sending signals to your brain; blocks sodium channels

Used to treat pain locally

Examples: Lidocaine, Bupivicane

Caution: Neurotoxic in high doses,

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15
Q

Miscellaneous Pain medications

A

Gabapentin, tramadol, Amantadine

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16
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Used for joint health

Examples: Glucosamine (cosequin, synovi g4)

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17
Q

Injectable induction agents

A

Blocks receptors in the brain to cause sedation

Used to induce anesthesia

Propofol- causes apnea

Ketamine (needs to be combined with something else, or too rigid)

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18
Q

Inhalents

A

augmenting signals to chloride channels (GABA receptors) and potassium channels while depressing neurotransmission pathways

Used to maintain anesthesia

Isoflurane, sevoflurane, Desflurane

Can cause vasodilation, dropping blood pressure

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19
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Benzodiazepines enhance the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Used for sedation and control of seizures

Diazepam (valium); Midazolam, alprazolam

20
Q

Phenothiazine

A

acts as a dopamine receptor antagonist in the CNS,

Uses sedation; restraint

Acepromazine

21
Q

Alpha-2 Agonists

A

presynaptic alpha-2receptors in the central nervous system, activating inhibitory neurons which lead to a reduction in sympathetic output via a negative feedback mechanism

Used for sedation

Dexmedetomidine (can reverse with antipamizole)

Xylazine (can reverse with yohimbine)

Caution with severe heart disease; causes marked bracycardia

22
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Used to control seizures
Benzodiazepines (used for short control)
Oral medications: Phenobarbitol; Zonisamide, Levetiracetam, Potassium bromide

23
Q

Muscle relaxant

A

Used to help control muscle spasm

Methocarbamol (used in IVDD and also some toxicities)

24
Q

Ionotropics

A

increasing intracellular calcium

Used to increase the contraction of the heart

Pimobenden/Vetmedin

25
Q

Andrenergics

A

Used to increase heart rate in emergency situations

Dopamine, Epinephrine

26
Q

Anticholinergics

A

competitively inhibit binding of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.

Used to treat bradycardia

Atropine (transient decrease in heart rate after injection)

27
Q

Beta blockers

A

blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline

Used to arrythmias

Propanolol; atenollol

28
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries.

Used to help control high blood pressure

Amlodipine

29
Q

Neuromuscular blocking agents

A

prevent the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby preventing skeletal muscle contraction.

Inhibit movement of muscles

Succinylcholine

30
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

A

prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels

Used to treat congestive heart failure, high blood pressure in dogs and protein losing nephropathy

Enalapril, Benazepril

31
Q

Sodium Channel Blockers

A

inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Lidocaine, Procainamide

Can be used to treat VPCs

32
Q

Diuretics

A

diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water losses.

Used to decrease edema in tissues like the lungs and around the lungs (cats)

Furosemide, Spironolactone

33
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Suppressing the synthesis or function of various clotting factors that are normally present in the blood.

Used to inhibit clot formation

Heparin, EDTA

34
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Beta-2 agonists work by stimulating receptors called beta-2 receptors in the muscles that line the airways, which causes them to relax

Used in asthma, collapsing trachea

Albuterol, Theophylline

35
Q

Inhaled steroids

A

Fluticasone

Used in cats with asthma

36
Q

Antihistamines

A

Block the release of histamine from cells

Used in allergic animals, does not work well

Diphenhydramine, Cyproheptidine, Hydroxyzine

37
Q

Anti-tussive

A

Most block the opioid receptors in the airways

Used for cough supression in collapsing trachea dogs

Butorphanol, Hydrocodone

38
Q

Antiemetics

A

Decrease nausea and vomiting

Maropitant (cerenia); Ondansetron

39
Q

Anti ulcer agents

A

Famotidine, ranitidine, omeprazole- block stomach acid

Sucralfate- coats ulcers that are present

40
Q

Appetite stimulants

A

Cyproheptadine, carpromorelin (entyce, elura)

41
Q

Prokinetic Agents

A

Increase gut motility

Metoclopramide

42
Q

Laxative

A

Soften stools

Polyethylene glycol (miralax); lactulose, docusate

43
Q

Anti-diarrheals

A

Slow downt the GI tract

Kaolin pectin, Bismuth (will cause black stools)

44
Q

Emetics

A

Cause vomiting

Apomorphine

45
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Levothyroxine- used in hypothyroidism (dogs)

Methimazole- used in hyperthyroidism (cats)

46
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Used to supress the immune system, used to decrease inflammation

Dexamethasone, Prednisone

Vet Tech Review (3 decks)

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