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Vet Tech Review > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Define: Absorbed dose

A

the amount of energy deposited by ionizing radiation (x-ray)

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2
Q

Define: ALARA principle

A

As Low As Reasonably Possible

Keeping the dose of radiation as low as possible

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3
Q

Define: Algorithm

A

A computer code used to generate an radiograph image

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4
Q

Define: Anode

A

Where x-rays are produced (where the beam comes from)

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5
Q

Define: Artifact

A

Anything in the x-ray that isn’t supposed to be there (like a finger)

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6
Q

Define: Attenuation

A

The reduction of the intensity of an x-ray beam as it traverses matter

Meaning: Things that are more dense (like bones) allow less x-rays through so they are brighter on x-rays

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7
Q

Define: Binding energy

A

The energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom is called the electron binding energy.

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8
Q

Define: Bremsstrahlung Radiation

A

electromagnetic radiation produced by the acceleration or especially the deceleration of a charged particle after passing through the electric and magnetic fields of a nucleus.

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9
Q

Define: Cathode

A

the negatively charged side of x-ray tube circuit.

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10
Q

What positioning is this demonstating?

A

Caudocranial (CdCr)

Shooting from caudal to cranial

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11
Q

Define: Characteristic Radiation

A

are emitted when outer-shell electrons fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is “characteristic” to each element

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12
Q

Define: Charge Couple Device

A

a light-sensitive integrated circuit that captures images by converting photons to electrons.
Ex: our dental x-ray sensor

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13
Q

Define: Computed Radiography

A

Uses a reusable plate to take digital radiographs; needs to be placed in a scanner to produce the radiograph.
The phosphor layer in the plate stores the image. The scanner amplifies the image and converts it to a digital image

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14
Q

Define: Detail

A

The sharpness of the image

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15
Q

Define: Digital

A

A computer image instead of using film

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16
Q

Define: Digital detector

A

Receives the radiation going through the patient and converts it into a digital image that can be immediately visualized on a monitor.

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17
Q

Define: Digital Radiology (DR)

A

is an advanced form of x-ray inspection which produces a digital radiographic image instantly on a computer.

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18
Q

Define: Direct Digital Radiography (DDR)

A

sensors that send a digital image directly to a computer

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19
Q

Define: Distal

A

away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the paw is located at the distal end of the leg).

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20
Q

What is this positioning?

A

Dorsopalmar (DPa)

Shot from doral to palmar (only counts for the front feet)

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21
Q

What is this positioning in letter A?

A

Dorsoplantar (Dpl)

Shot from the dorsal surface to the plantar surface of the foot (only the back foot)

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22
Q

What is this positioning called?

A

Dorsoventral (DV)

Shot from the dorsum to the vetrum

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23
Q

Define: Dose Creep

A

is the gradual acceptance over time by radiographers of the use of higher radiographic exposures

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24
Q

Define: Dosimeter

A

an instrument used to measure ionizing radiation exposure (like the badge you wear when taking rads)

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25
Define: Dynamic range
the series of exposure values that will result in a radiographic image
26
Define: Electromagnetic radiation
an electric and magnetic disturbance traveling through space at the speed of light
27
Define: Electron
a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.
28
Define: Electron beam
machine-generated high-energy electrons
29
Define: Electron hole pair
Free charge carriers in the semi conductor
30
Define: Filament
the source of electrons (cathode) in x-ray tubes
31
Define: Film Contrast
density differences that result due to the type of film used, how it was exposed, and how it was processed.
32
Define: Film graininess | How to correct:
the visual appearance of irregularly spaced grains of black metallic silver deposited in the finished radiograph Correct by increasing exposure (increase kVp or mAs)
33
Define: Film latitude
the range of receptor exposures over which an image and contrast will be formed
34
Define: Focal range
Focal spot is the area of the anode surface which receives the beam of electrons from the cathode. It is the apparent source of x-rays.
35
Define: Fogging | How to correct:
darkening of images by sources other than the radiation of the primary beam to which the film was exposed Correct: look for signs of light exposure in the x-ray room
36
Define: Geometric unsharpness | How to correct:
The lack of sharpness in an image that results from variation in the geometry of an X-ray system set-up. Correct: Have machine calibrated
37
Define: Grid cutoff | How to correct:
an unwanted absorption of x-rays via an x-ray grid, observed when a grid is employed incorrectly, most often seen with parallel grids Correct: Be sure to direct beam directly towards area you want radiographed
38
Define: Heel Effect | How to correct:
refers to the lower field intensity towards the anode in comparison to the cathode due to lower x-ray emissions from the target material at angles perpendicular to the electron beam. Correct: Increase distance from beam, be sure beam is at correct angle, collimate, be sure pet is in correct position
39
Define: Collimate
Decrease size of field of x-ray
40
What is this an example of?
A histograph which is a graphical display of the pixel intensity distribution for a digital image.
41
What is this an example of? What type of radiograph will it produce?
Imaging plate | Used in CR or computed radiography
42
Define: Ionization
the principal means by which ionizing radiations dissipate their energy in matter
43
Define: Kilovolt (kV)
the x-ray tube peak voltage during an exposure
44
Define: Latent image
the invisible product of x-ray or photographic film emulsions, build after radiation or light exposure (the image will only show up once it is developed)
45
Define: Maximum Permissible Dose
is the upper limit of allowed radiation dose that one may receive without the risk of significant side effects
46
Define: Windowing
the process in which the CT image greyscale component of an image is manipulated via the CT numbers
47
Define: Milliampere second (mAs)
a measure of radiation produced (milliamperage) over a set amount of time (seconds) via an x-ray tube
48
Define: Noise | How to correct:
a fluctuation in optical density on radiographic or mammographic images, often as a result of low radiation dose Correct: Increase mAs
49
Define: Object image distance
The distance measured between the center mass of the patients anatomical organ and the center the x-ray cassette.
50
Define: Osmolality
Used to describe different contrast solutions used in radiography
51
Define: Penumbra | How to correct:
blurring at the edges of a structure | Correct: Collimate
52
Define: Photon
Photons are called x-rays if they are produced by electron interactions
53
Define: Photostimulable Phosphor
are materials that store absorbed energy within excited electrons and release it in the form of light on exposure to laser energy
54
Define: Pixel
the smallest discrete element of the physical display or to the smallest element of the image.
55
Define: Polychromatic beam
multiple optical frequencies
56
Define: Quantum mottle | How to correct:
is the main and the most significant source of noise in plain radiography. It is a random process due to fluctuations in the number of photons reaching the detector from point to point Correct: Adjust kVp or mAs as needed
57
Define: Radiodense/Radiopacity Ex:
is the relative transparency of a material to x-rays and other radiation. Ex: Bladder stone, bones- Appear white on radiograph
58
Define: Radiographic contrast
the difference in density or difference in the degree of grayness between areas of the radiographic image.
59
Define: Radiographic Density
a measure of the light transmitted through the film.
60
Define: Radiography
the process or occupation of taking radiographs to assist in medical examinations
61
Define: Radiology
the science dealing with X-rays and other high-energy radiation, especially the use of such radiation for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
62
Define: Radiolucent | Example
structures that are less dense and permit the x-ray beam to pass through them Ex: Air- Appears black on an xray
63
Define: Rectification
The process of changing alternating current into direct current so it flows in one direction only
64
Define: Remnant Beam
resulting beam that is able to exit from the patient and produce the photographic image on radiographic film.
65
Define: Scatter or secondary radiation
Radiation that spreads out in different directions from a radiation beam when the beam interacts with a substance, such as body tissue.
66
Define: Scinillating Devices
an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating material, and detecting the resultant light pulses.
67
Define: Source image distance (SID)
The distance of the tube from the image receptor, affecting magnification
68
Define: Spatial resolution
is a measure of the smallest object that can be resolved by the sensor, or the ground area imaged for the instantaneous field of view
69
Define: Structure mottle
Uneven distibution of phosphor
70
Define: Thermionic emission
The emission of electrons from a heated metal (cathode).
71
How can you make an x-ray that is too dark lighter?
Too dark is an over exposure | Dark = Decrease mAs
72
How can you make a film that is too light, darker?
Too light is underexposed | Increase kVp

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