LAB - vertebrate integuments

Question 1

How does a tissue differ from a cell?

Answer 1

A tissue is made up of cells that work together for a common purpose.

Question 2

What are the four tissue types?

Answer 2

1. Connective
2. Epithelial
3. Nervous
4. Muscle

Question 3

5 functions of the integumentary system:

Answer 3

1. thickening to resist mechanical injury
2. barrier so pathogens cannot enter
3. keep shape of organism
4. absorb heat/radiate excess
5. housing sensory receptors

Question 4

What is the primary component of the dermis?

Answer 4

collagen

Question 5

What are some of the functions of the mucous layer in fish and amphibians?

Answer 5

1. moisten the surface of skin
2. protection from bacterial infection
3. ensure laminar flow of water across surface

Question 6

What is an additional function of the amphibian mucous layer?

Answer 6

prevent desiccation when amphibians are on dry land

Question 7

What is keratinization?

Answer 7

is a rapid dividing of cells from the base of the epithelium that rise to the surface undergoing orderly self-destruction while accumulating protein products (keratin)

Question 8

What is the purpose of keratinization?

Answer 8

reduce water loss through the skin in dry, terrestrial environments

Question 9

Why are lipids added to integument during keratinization?

Answer 9

increased resistance of tetrapod skin to desiccation - comes from unicellular glands at surface/multicellular sunk into dermis

Question 10

What is a callus and what layer of skin forms it?

Answer 10

an area of common friction that form a thick cornified layer in the stratum corneum

Question 11

Collagen w/in the dermis of a fish is often organized into plies. What is a pile and what is its advantage?

Answer 11

collagen fibers woven into distinct layers, resisting forces in specific directions, to bend without wrinkling

Question 12

Cosmoid scales

Answer 12

double layer of bone (vascular & lamellar) - thick layer of dentin beneath thin layer of enamel - sarcopterygians

Question 13

Ganoid scales

Answer 13

double layer of bone (vascular & lamellar) - thick surface coat of enamel without dentin (shiny) - gars & polypterus

Question 14

Cycloid scales

Answer 14

no enamel, dentin, or vascular bone - just lamellar in concentric rings (circuli) - teleosts

Question 15

Ctenoid scales

Answer 15

no enamel, dentin, or vascular bone - just lamellar bone in fringe projections along posterior margin - teleosts

Question 16

What is cutaneous respiration?

Answer 16

gas exchange between air and capillary beds in lower epidermis & dermis (some fish don’t have any lungs)

Question 17

How does a claw differ from a nail?

Answer 17

Both are keratinized. A claw is curved & laterally compressed. It is also projected instead of attached.

Question 18

Which mammals have nails? What is their function?

Answer 18

Primates - protect fingertips from mechanical injury and help stabilize fingers & toes for better grip on the opposite side

Question 19

How do horns differ from antlers?

Answer 19

Similarity - they both rise up & take integument with them
Horns - integument produces tough cornified sheath that fits over bony core (keratinized)
Antlers - overlying skin (velvet) shapes & provides vascular supply to bond then velvet falls away leaving bare bone

Question 20

Horns

Answer 20

integument produces tough cornified sheath that fits over bony core (keratinized)

Question 21

Antlers

Answer 21

overlying skin (velvet) shapes & provides vascular supply to bond then velvet falls away leaving bare bone

Question 22

Identify.

Answer 22

Chromatophore

Dog fish scales

Question 23

Identify.

Answer 23

Secretory cell

Question 24

Identify A & B.

Answer 24

A. Epidermis

B. Dermis

Dogfish Skin

Question 25

Identify A-D.

Answer 25

A. Dentin B. Enamel C. Pulp Cavity D. Spine Dogfish skin

Question 26

Answer 26

Placoid scale-like teeth on jaw (dogfish)

Question 27

Identify A & B.

Answer 27

A. epidermis B. dermis amphibian skin

Question 28

Identify.

Answer 28

Mucous gland Amphibian skin

Question 29

Identify.

Answer 29

Poison (granular) gland amphibian skin

Question 30

Identify.

Answer 30

chromatophore amphibian skin

Question 31

Amphibians Class -

Answer 31

Amphibia

Question 32

Birds Class -

Answer 32

Aves

Question 33

What is pictured here?

Answer 33

epidermal scales

Question 34

What are the 3 feather types:

Answer 34

flight, contour, down

Question 35

Function of flight feathers

Answer 35

major locomotor

Question 36

Function of contour feathers

Answer 36

aerodynamically shape bird surface

Question 37

Function of down feathers

Answer 37

thermal insulation

Question 38

Identify the type of feather:

Answer 38

flight feather

Question 39

Identify the type of feather:

Answer 39

Contour feather

Question 40

Identify the type of feather

Answer 40

down feather

Question 41

Identify A-D.

Answer 41

A. Barb B. Barbule C. Barbacil D. Rachis

Question 42

Identify parts of the feather (A-C)

Answer 42

A. Vane B. Quill (calamus) C. Rachis

Question 43

What is the class of mammals?

Answer 43

Mammalia

Question 44

What are the 2 cell arrangements of mammalian epithelia?

Answer 44

1. simple 2. stratified

Question 45

Simple epithelium

Answer 45

only one cell layer thick - one side is attached to basement membrane

Question 46

Stratified epithelium

Answer 46

made up of more than one layer of cells

Question 47

3 general cell shapes of mammalian cells (and description)

Answer 47

1. squamous - scale-like 2. cuboidal - cube-shaped 3. columnar - column-shaped

Question 48

Pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 48

a layer of simple columnar epithelia, but the cells vary in height and their nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane - false appearance of being stratified (aka ciliated)

Question 49

Identify the tissue type

Answer 49

simple squamous epithelium of lung alveoli

Question 50

Identify cell type and gray ring around

Answer 50

simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney) - gray ring = basement membrane

Question 51

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium and what is a common function?

Answer 51

kidney tubules & secretory glands - secretion & absorption

Question 52

Identify cell type

Answer 52

simple columnar epithelium (know where nuclei and microvilli are)

Question 53

Where can you find simple columnar epithelium and what is its common function?

Answer 53

digestive tract - absorb nutrients via microvilli

Question 54

Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found and what is its function?

Answer 54

trachea & bronchi - mucus secretion

Question 55

Easy way to distinguish pseudostratified:

Answer 55

the cell nuclei do not line up linearly across

Question 56

Identify Nail Anatomy (A-D)

Answer 56

A. Nail body (unguis) B. Lunula C. Eponychium (cuticle) D. Hyponychium (subunguis)

Question 57

What is the function of the nail matrix?

Answer 57

forms new nail at nail base by pushing existing nail forward to replace worn/broken free edge

Question 58

Describe claws/hooves parts

Answer 58

Unguis - top Subunguis - underneath

Question 59

What are the two parts of goat horns?

Answer 59

1. bony core (underneath porous) 2. keratin sheath (top outer layer)