Laboratories & quality control

Question 1

What have in house lab increased?

Answer 1

1. More prosperous demanding of clients
2. User-friendly instruments
3. availability of trained technicians
4. problems associated w/ diagnostic labs

Question 2

What is the problem when using manual methods in a in house laboratory ?

Answer 2

1. human error

2. Not efficient

Question 3

what are type of automated counters?

Answer 3

1. dry chemistry analyses
2. serological test- kits
3. cost benefit analysis

Question 4

what are the benefits for in house labs?

Answer 4

1. quick dx
2. fresh samples
3. avoid packing
4. improved client relation
5. increase profit ( depending)

Question 5

what are the benefits for commercial labs?

Answer 5

1. expert advice
2. reliability of results
3. health & safety regulation
4. wide range of tests
5. Avoid certain cost:
   - reagents
   - maintenance
   - parts replacement

Question 6

what are the standard operating procedures for laboratory records?

Answer 6

1. Procedures for various assays run in lab

2. insert sheets accompanying serological kits

Question 7

what are the forms the are from the clinicians to lab with client info. & Pt data ?

Answer 7

request form

Question 8

what are the forms that have results from lab to source of sample with explanatory comments?

Answer 8

Results forms

Question 9

What ensures that entire process in the laboratory are acceptable quality?

Answer 9

Quality assurance

Question 10

what are type of quality assurances?

Answer 10

1. Pre-analytical
2. analytical
3. Post analytical

Question 11

what are the characteristics of test results ?

Answer 11

1. accuracy
2. precision
3. reliability

Question 12

What is analytical process that tracks the ability of the lab to prove accurate/reliable results ?

Answer 12

Quality control

Question 13

What are the type of Quality controls?

Answer 13

1. reliability of instruments
2. reliability of technicians
3. reliability of reagents

Question 14

what are the objectives of the quality control?

Answer 14

1. detect errors
2. report reliable results
3. easy to use

Question 15

What are the type of laboratory errors ?

Answer 15

1. random error

2. systemic error

Question 16

what type of laboratory error is dealing with temperature abuse for reagents?

Answer 16

random error

Question 17

what type of laboratory error is dealing with expired reagents & faulty instrument ?

Answer 17

systemic error

Question 18

Why should control serums be ran?

Answer 18

to maintain precision & accuracy

-performed regularly

Question 19

Why should inspection of equipment be done regularly ?

Answer 19

1. prolongs lifespan of instrument

2. accurate results obtained

Question 20

What methods are used to detect or quantify the concentration of a chemical substance in a fluid?

Answer 20

1. Quantitiative assays
2. semi-quantitative assays
3. Qualitative assays

Question 21

what are the fluids that are used for laboratory assays ?

Answer 21

1. Blood
2. Urine
3. Other body fluids

Question 22

what are the other body fluids that are used in laboratory assay?

Answer 22

1. Peritoneal
2. Pleural
3. CSF
4. Joint

Question 23

what are the characteristics of Quantitative Assays?

Answer 23

1. results close to true concentration of substance of fluid
   - Na
   - Glc
2. Reported as specific numeric value

Question 24

what are the characteristics of Semi-Quantitative Assay?

Answer 24

1. results are approximate of true concentration of substance in fluid
2. report in category scale

Question 25

How is a semi-quantitative assay characterized in results ?

Answer 25

1. degree of turbidity in a urine Sample 2. category scale: - degree of turbidity : +.. - less than or less than - range

Question 26

what are the characteristics of Qualitative Assay?

Answer 26

- indicated the presence or absence of substance in sample | - reported as negative or positive

Question 27

what is the degree of closeness of a measured value to true value of analyte ?

Answer 27

Accuracy

Question 28

what are the analytical properties of laboratory assay ?

Answer 28

1. Accuracy 2. Precision 3. Reliability

Question 29

what is the ability of ability of an assay to give similar results if analyzed several times ?

Answer 29

precision

Question 30

what are type of precisions?

Answer 30

1. Magnitude of reproducibility | 2. magnitude of repeatability

Question 31

what is the ability of an assay to be accurate & precise ?

Answer 31

reliability

Question 32

What are type of diagnostic properties of tests ?

Answer 32

1. Sensitivity | 2. Specificity

Question 33

what is sensitivity ?

Answer 33

probability of testing positive if the dz of interest is truly present = TP

Question 34

what does high sensitivity indicate ?

Answer 34

percentage of diseased animals that are positive in the test & the ability of the test to correctly identify positive animals?

Question 35

what is sensitivity used for ?

Answer 35

screening for disease | high NPV

Question 36

what is specificity ?

Answer 36

probability of screening negative if the dz of interest is truly absent = TN

Question 37

what is specificity test used for ?

Answer 37

confirmatory test | high PPV

Question 38

What is a positive test the correctly identifies the positive animals by gold standard?

Answer 38

TP

Question 39

1 | What is a negative test that correctly identifies the negative animal by gold standard?

Answer 39

TN

Question 40

what is a positive test that incorrectly identifies negative animals as being positive for Ab or Ag?

Answer 40

False positive → FN

Question 41

what is a negative test that incorrectly identifies positive animals as being negative for Ab or Ag?

Answer 41

False negative → FN

Question 42

What describes how a test performs in the field ?

Answer 42

predictive values = prevalence

Question 43

what is the positive predictive value (PPV)?

Answer 43

probability that a pt w/ + test results actually has the dz if interest - strongly suggest presence of dz

Question 44

what is negative predictive vale (NPV)?

Answer 44

probability that a pt w/ - test results actually doesn't have the dz of interest -strongly suggest absence of dz

Question 45

what is the sensitivity formula ?

Answer 45

TP/TP+FN

Question 46

what is the specificity formula ?

Answer 46

TN/TN + FP