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Geology > Labs 7-11 > Flashcards

Labs 7-11 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

reservoir

A

describes a major type of water body on the earth in which water can enter and exit from, usually to or from a different type of neighboring reservoir

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2
Q

hydrologic cycle

A

an image that shows how water exchanges between reservoirs

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3
Q

types of reservoirs

A 
oceans
ice caps & glaciers
ground water
lakes
soil moisture
atmosphere
streams/rivers
biosphere
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4
Q

oceans

A

largest of earth’s water reservoirs (2/3); 5 oceans

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5
Q

ice caps & glaciers

A

frozen reservoirs of earth; water in the form of glacial ice

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6
Q

groundwaater

A

water that resides and moves under the surface of the earth, mostly in pores or cracks of rock or sediment

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7
Q

lakes

A

occurs when groundwater table intersects the land surface; basically, its just the top view of the groundwater table

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8
Q

soil moisture

A

water held in the open pore space withing the earth’s soils; eventually infiltrates to the zone of saturation and becomes groundwater

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9
Q

atmosphere

A

layer of a mixture of gases (air) that surrounds the earth; water vapor = water as a gas

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10
Q

streams/rivers

A

water that flows in a channel

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11
Q

biosphere

A

all living things on earth

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12
Q

great lakes

A

largest supply of freshwater in the world; 5

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13
Q

variability

A

describes HOW data (set of data) changes over time; it is described both by how much the data varies and by what time frame it fluctuates over; described as regular or irregular

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14
Q

trend

A

trends can be increasing or decreasing

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15
Q

groundwater

A

water found within the open spaces of soil, sedicment, and rock below the earth’s surface

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16
Q

zone of aeration

A

region of the subsurface above the water table; zone where pore space contains both water and air; aka unsaturated zone

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17
Q

zone of saturation

A

region of the subsurface below the water table; zone where pore space is completely filled with groundwater

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18
Q

groundwater table

A

boundary, approximately parallel to the earth’s surface, that separates the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation; represents top surface of the saturated zone

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19
Q

acquifer

A

a subsurface sediment or rock through which ground water can flow easily; distringuished by their ability to be used as an economic resource (drinking water, irrigation…)

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20
Q

ground water wells

A

see prelab

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21
Q

contour lines

A

used to estimate continuous values over an area using data thatis only available at discreet locations within that area

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22
Q

examples of using contour lines

A

weather - weather data is collected at specific weather stations, yet we know that weather occurs continuously across the earth’s surface (use contour maps to represent the range in weather values across the entire surface area b/t stations)

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23
Q

contour interval

A

contour lines are always drawn at a regular interval; difference b/t two adjacent contour lines

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24
Q

contour lines spaced closer together

A

steeper slode

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25
wide spacing b/t contour lines
gradual slope
26
concentric closed contours
denote hilltop or summit
27
contour that is a circle with hachure marks
depict a closed depression like a hole
28
contour lines and v-shaped pattern
the point shows upstream; they will occur in pairs on opposite sides of a valley
29
latitude
angular distance measured north and south of the equator;0-90 degrees
30
longitude
angular distance measured east and west of the Prime Meridian; 0-180
31
degrees...
1 degree is divided into 60 minutes which is further divided into 60 seconds
32
scale of a map
relationship b/t distance on a map and the actual distance on the earth's surface
33
types of scales
fractional, verbal, graphical
34
fractional scale
equivalence of one unit on the map to the number of units on the ground; ratios (ex: 1:24000)
35
verbal scale
states the relationship of units on a map to units on the real ground in words (es: one inch is equal to 2000 ft); usually deals with what 1 inch on a map represents
36
graphical scale
a line that has been marked at intervals, much lok a ruler
37
map legend
explains the symbols used on the map
38
inputs
``` add water to a system groundwater flow precipitation dew ice and snow frost fog drip snow melt runoff runoff ```
39
outputs
``` remove water from a system condensation evaporation evapotranspiration transpiration ice duration plant uptake ```
40
lake volume level
lake volume = inputs - outputs
41
trendlines are helpful because..
it helps make the trend easier to see by cancelling out all of the variability by showing the average of the data
42
perched water table
an accumulation of groundwater that is avove the water table in the saturated zone. the groundwater is usually trapped avove an impermeable soil layer and forms a lens of saturated material in the unsaturated zone
43
confined acquifer
exists where the groundwater is bounded between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock. When tapped by a well, water in confined acquifers is forced up
44
private well
usually not as deep; these wells are privately owned and they don't go to the rest of the city for their use
45
municipal (city) well field
provides the household and commercial water needs for the city's population and businesses; entire city uses groundwater as water source
46
recharge
water added to an acquifer (ex: injection wells, rain water)
47
purpose/function of longitude and latitude
serve as location information so that every spot on the globe can be pinpointed accurately
48
what do contour lines on a topographic map represent
indicate the elevation and shape of terrain on a topographic map
49
why can't contour lines ever cross over each other?
each line represents a separate elevation. it's impossible to have 2 different elevations at the same point
50
measurements of degrees
1 degree = 60 min = 360 sec
51
how and where do igneous rock form
formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. they can form either below the surface (intrusive or on/near the surface (extrusive)
52
felsic
igneous rocks - light colored minerals that are relatively rich in silicon and oxygen ex: quartz; igneous rocks
53
mafic
dark colored minerals that are rich in iron, magnesium, and calcium; generally found at ocean ridges and oceanic hot spots ex: pyroxene and olivine; igneous rocks
54
phaneritic
texture that occurs when igneous rock cools slowly labeling it as intrusive; igneous rocks
55
aphanitic
texture that occurs when igneous rocks cool rapidly and are labeled extrusive; igneous rocks
56
how and where do sedimentary rock form?
such that they are stratified; deposited layer upon layer
57
clastic sedimentary rock
rocks that are composed of broken pieces of older rock and composed of fragments (clasts) of already preexisting rock; classified based on grain size, sorting, and roundness; sedimentary
58
biological/biochemical sedimentary rock
rock made up of organic remains like shell fragments; form from the accumulation of biologic material (shells, dead plant material, etc); sedimentary
59
how and where do metamorphic rocks form
form when rocks are subjected to high heat and pressure deep underthe earth's surface; the extreme heat/pressure may be a result of magma or the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates
60
foliation
metamorphic rocks; repetitive layering of metamorphic rock; the thickness of these layers may vary, but it occurs under extremely ihgh and unequal pressure within the earth's interior
61
common types of bedrock in ohio
shales, limestone, sandstones, (coals)
62
dayton limestone
typically tan, pale cream to white-colored rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate fossils - corals and stromatoids and trace fossils can also be seen found in dayton, kettering, xenia, centerville most building from 1806-1840 were constructed by it and university of dayton was founded in 1850
63
uses of rock
functional or decorative
64
functinoal
a stone is functional if it does some kind of work, such as supporting a building or is a retaining wall
65
decorative
a stone is decorative if it is no needed for some kind of work. in other words, the structure to which it belonds could function without the particular stone
66
a statue that is calcite...
it will turn slightly green as a result of acid rain
67
purpose of sedimentary rocks
functional
68
purpose of igneous and metamorphic rocks
decorative
69
why were limestone and dolostone used often in ohio
Historically, ohio has been submerged beneath the ocean. since it was formed in the area, it is more convenient to use these rocks in construction
70
explain why igneous rocks andmetamorphic rocks are not found as bedrock in ohio
???
71
would it be cost effective to build large structures in ohio using either marble or granite?
no because marble and granite are both metamorphic. Most of the rock in ohio is sedimentary so it is more cost efficient to use nearby resources
72
permeability (fine sand, gravel, clay) ranking
gravel, sand, clay

Geology (6 decks)

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