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Laird Flashcards

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1
Q

Equation for stopping distance

A

Thinking distance + breaking distance

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2
Q

What effects the thinking distance

A

Condition of person
Distractions or not
Age
Alcohol/drug use
Tiredness

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3
Q

What effects breaking distance

A

Condition of car
Speed
Weather
Grip/conditions/friction
Break quality
Mass of vehicle

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4
Q

What links distance and velocity

A

D=VT

Distance is directly proportional to velocity
Reaction time is always the same

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5
Q

What is friction

A

The force that opposes motion

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6
Q

What are the types of friction

A

Contact -solid surface
Fluid - drag force

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7
Q

What does drag depend on

A

Viscosity
F increases with speed
Surface area

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8
Q

What can drag do

A

Convert Ke to Thermal energy

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9
Q

What are the stages to cause drag

A

Only force is weight
Accelerates to centre of the direction of resultant force F=9.81

Drag force increases as soon as person moves
Resultant force is downwards decreases
Rate of acceleration decreases
Eventually F=W

Pulls parachute

Rapid increase in surface area
Increase in draft
Rapid deceleration

Speed drag force decreases
Until F=W
At a low speed

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10
Q

What is centre os mass

A

A point through which a single force on a body has no turning effect

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11
Q

What is scalar

A

magnitude or no direction

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12
Q

What is vector

A

Magnitude and direction

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13
Q

What is a moment

A

Tuning effect of a force

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14
Q

What is the equation for a moment

A

M=fd
Moment = force x perpendicular distance

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15
Q

What does it mean if something is in equilibrium

A

Clockwise = anticlockwise

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16
Q

To change the shape of an object what is needed

A

A pair of equal and opposite forces to alter the shape of a object

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17
Q

What is extension know as

A

A tensile force (pulling)

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18
Q

What is compression

A

The shorten of an object also known as as compressive force

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19
Q

What is tensile deformation

A

When tensile force is exerted

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20
Q

What is compressive deformation

A

When the compressive force is exerted

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21
Q

What is elastic deformation

A

When the spring will return to its original length when the force is removed

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22
Q

What is plastic deformation

A

Permanent structural change to the spring occur and it does not return to its original length when force is removed

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23
Q

What is hooked law

A

Extension of the spring is directly proportion to the force applied as long as
E< elastic limit

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24
Q

What does the force constant measure

A

The stiffness of something

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25
A practical to prove hooked law
A clamp bass and clamp stand secured to bench with G-clamp or large mass Set up a metre rule with resolution of 1mm close to the spring Suspend slotted mass from the spring As you add each one Record total mass add and new Length of spring
26
How do you make hooks law practical more accurate
Use a set square Take readings eye level to reduce parallax error Measure mass of each slot mass using digital balance Take at least 6 readings
27
When a force is applied to a rubber band what happens
Apply a force by stretching in the direction of a force Work done on the rubber band is transferred into stored energy in the band and it flies across the room
28
How do you find work done by a rubber band and what effects this
W=f x change in x If the change in x is very small the force acting on the string will change very little over the range change in x
29
If you have a graph how do you figure out work done
Area under a force -extension graph is work done
30
What happens to the work done in a spring
Work done on a spring is transferred to elastic potential energy within a spring E is recoverable because of elastic behaviour of spring
31
What’s another equation for rock done relating extension and force
Work done = average force x final extension
32
What happens in a bungee cord when a jumper jumps
1st there’s free fall then slack Then the slack is taken up the cord stretches and the jumper slows to a halt Elastic potential energy in the cord is converted into kinetic energy and gravitational energy Jumper accelerators upwards again
33
With a bungee cord jumper what do you have to take into account
Weight height of jumper and force -extension properties of the cord
34
What property matters most in how a object will react to a tensile force is applied
The type of material
35
What happens to extension as the force Increases
Extension would increase
36
What would happen to the extension if the force decreases
The extension would decrease
37
How does hookes law effect a wire and what will the graph look like
A wire follows hookes law until it reaches the elastic limit The unloading graph would be identical for forces If F< elastic limit
38
What happens to a wire when it is past its elastic limit
When elastic limit < F The unloading line is parallel to the loading graph but not identical to it The wire is permanently extended after force is removed it is longer than at the start Plastic deformation happens
39
Do rubber bands obey hookes law
No
40
What happens to a rubber bands when a force is removed
The band will return to original length after the force is removed Elastic deformation
41
What type of loop does a rubber band have and what is it called
Loading and unloading curve and they are different the loop they make is called a hysteresis loop
42
How do you find work done for a rubber bands if you have a curve
Área under a force -extension graph
43
When is the most work done
Stretching a rubber bands that is done when extension decreases against
44
What energy is released from a rubber bands
Thermal energy is released when material is loaded then unloaded The inside are of the hyperesis loop
45
Does a polyethene strip obey hookes law
No
46
What happens to a polythene strip under little force
Very easy to stretch and they suffer plastic deformation under relatively little force
47
What is the equation of springs in services
1/Kt = 1/K1 + 1/K2 + ….
48
Why does the spring in series equation make sense
F=kx Xt = X1 + X2 X=F/X F/K total = F/K1 + F/K2 1/Kt = 1/K1 + 1/K2 + ….
49
What is the equation for strings in parallel
Kt = K1 + K2
50
Why does the equation for spring in parallel make sense
1: F = K1X1 2: F = K2X2 F = F1 + F2 Ft = K1X + K2X Xt = X1 = X2 Kt = K1 + K2
51
When does stress occur
When applying a tensile force
52
What is a tensile stress
Force applied per unit of cross sectional area
53
Equation for stress
Stress = Force/Area Variance = F/A Nm^-2/Pa
54
When does strain occur
When there is a factional change in original length
55
What is the equation for strain
Strain = extension/length
56
What is true about the strain equation
E = X/L units in a ratio
57
What is the equation for Young’s modulus
E = stress/strain = variance/emf symbol
58
What is the equation for Young’s modulus
E = FL/Ax
59
What is true about stiffness of a material
It is independent of its dimensions
60
How would you draw a graph of Young’s modulus
AE/l X = F
61
What equipment is required for a young’s modules practical
A ruler Wire Pulley Load G-clamp
62
What is true about brittle materials
Break suddenly without deforming plastically
63
What is true about malleable materials
Change have buy may lose strength
64
What is true about hard materials
Resistant to cutting,abrasion,indentation
65
What is true about ductile materials
They can be drawn into wires without losing their strength
66
What is true about stiff materials
High resistance to bending or scratching
67
What is true about tough materials
Difficult to break
68
What is strength
The ability to withstand large stress before breaking
69
What order does a stress strain graph go through things
Youngs modeoulous ( obeys Hookes law) Elastic limit Yield point/strength Strain hardening Ultimate strength Necking Fracture
70
What is youngs modeolous
Ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain within the elastic region of a materials behaviour
71
What is the elastic limit
The maximum extent to which a solid maybe stretched
72
What is yield point/strength
The point on a stress-strain curve where a material begins to deform plastically
73
What is strain hardening
The process where a materials strength increase due to plastic deformation making it harder to deform further
74
What is ultimate strength
The maximum stress a material can withstand before it breaks or fractures under tension measured of the force per unit of area
75
What is necking
The localized reduction in cross sectional area of a materials under tensile stress Often occurring in ductile materials during p;attic deformation leading to a thinner region or “neck” before fracture
76
What is a fracture
The breaking or cracking of a materials under tensile under stress Occurring when the applied stress exceeds the materials ultimate strength leading to a complete separation

Physics (6 decks)

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