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Farm animal > Lameness > Flashcards

Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

How can septicaemia lead to neurological signs

A

If bacterial meningitis develops

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2
Q

Signs of bacterial meningitis in calves

A

Depression
Recumbency
Weak suckle
Hypoyon (purulent material in anterior chamber)
Swollen umbilicus or joints or other signs of infection

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3
Q

How can bacterial meningitis be diagnosed

A

Clinical signs
History of poor colostrum or dirty calving
Bloods: Signs of sepsis
CSF: inflammation. high neutrophils and protein

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4
Q

Treatment of bacterial meningitis

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics like TMPS (can also cross BBB)
IVFT
NSAIDs or dexamethasone

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5
Q

Most common bacteria causing bacterial meningitis

A

e.coli
(May see other calves with diarrhoea)

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6
Q

Aetiology of septic arthritis under 3 wks

A

FPT + stress at birth
Leads to omphalophlebitis (mixed bacteria) =>
Septicaemia (G-ves) => bacteria localise around joints

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7
Q

Aetiology of septic arthritis over 3 wks

A
  1. Penetrating wounds (T.pyogenes)
  2. Mycoplasma Bovis (typically with BRD present, + otitis media/interna and head tilt)
  3. Circulating bacteraemia (from GIT or RESP)
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8
Q

Diagnosis of septic arthritis

A

Signs: Lame, dull, reluctant to stand, pyrexia, joint inflammation
Arthrocentesis: High neutrophils and protein +/- bacteria

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9
Q

Treatment for septic arthritis

A

Analgesia (NSAIDs)
Antibiotics (Penicillin, OxyTet, TMPS) long course
Joint lavage (best if done early)
Supportive care

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10
Q

What causes white muscle disease in calves

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency in dams

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11
Q

Signs of white muscle disease

A

Recumbency and difficulty standing
Stiff, trembling legs.
Weakness elsewhere (e.g. neck)
Gluteal, shoulder and dorso-lumbar musculature palpably enlarged and firm

Others signs related to (striated) muscle affected E.g. Intercostal mm = dyspnoea; myocardium = cardiac arrhythmias; tongue mm = inability to suckle
Myocardium = poor prognosis

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12
Q

Best test for white muscle disease (Biochem)

A

Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)
- Delayed increase in response to selenium administration (4-6wks)
- Can be tested in calves that have been recently treated
Still gives an accurate measure of levels before treatment to see if calf was deficient initally

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13
Q

Options for WMD prevention

A

○ Long acting (bolus) SC injections (9-12 months)
○ Intraruminal bolus (6-12 months)
○ Oral drench (1-3months)
Addition to ration

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14
Q

What bacteria causes black leg

A

Clostridium chauvoei

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15
Q

Black leg pathogenesis:

A

Soil-borne infection => enters through lesions of skin or mucosa
Calving/lambing injuries and fresh navel are risk factors.

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16
Q

Signs of black leg

A

Severe lameness, upper limb swelling

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17
Q

How to distinguish WMD from black leg?

A

Black leg = unilateral
WMD = bilateral

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18
Q

Dx and Tx of black leg

A

Dx: normally on PMI :(
Tx: if they live then high dose penicillin, but vaccination better!

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19
Q

Tx for contracted tendons in mild V severe case

A

Mild: Exercise and encourage weight bearing
Sevre: Splint or cast

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20
Q

Lameness score

A

0- good
1 - imperfect
2 - impaired
3 - severely impaired

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21
Q

What 3 factors lead to excessive dermal pressure

A
  • Environmental factors
  • Calving effect: Relaxin causes pelvic relaxation near parturition but is a systemic hormone = all ligaments and tendons weaken (including ones around P3)
  • Changes to the structure of the foot due to disease (weak fat pads and spiky new bone formation where sole ulcer forms)
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22
Q

which animals have thinner fat pads

A

thin and young cows

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23
Q

How to sole ulcers form

A

Pressure on distal phalanx = damage to corium (between P3 and sole) = bleeding = incorporated into sole horn
NB The sole horn itself cannot bruise (it is avascular).

  • May see chorion poking through horn  need this tissue to recover so it can keep producing horn
24
Q

Severty grading of sole ulcer/haemorrhage

A

Mild = incorptoton of blood into sole horn
Moderate = partial interruption of horn production at ulcer site
Severe = Complete stop of production at site for prolonged period

25
Q

Complication of sole ulcer ant treatment

A

deep digital sepsis
remove claw

26
Q

Dx and Tx of sole ulcers

A

dx: Pathogonomic once trimmed and inspected

tx; trim, NSAID, block other claw

27
Q

cause of white line disease

A

Separation = Dirt tracks in = white line seals over = infection = abscess = infection spreads out under sole = breaks out at heel (But can track up wall to coronary)

28
Q

Signs and Tx of white line disease

A
  • Moderate to severe lameness (position & extent of abscess)
  • Lateral claw commonly and also toe
  • Small pin prick size holes to large areas of impaction on the white line (always black)
  • Tracts break out at heel or coronary band

trim, NSAIDs, block
Only ABS if necrotic corium

29
Q

risks for white line disease

A

turning in concrete parlour
uneven surfaces (being chased on stone tracks)

30
Q

What is digital dermatitis

A

multifactorial disease. typically winter housed cattle
bacterial infection of foot, typically in-between heel bulbs at coronary band

31
Q

Digital dermatitis lesions grading

A

often between heel bulbs
M1 = early lesions
M2 = Acute, active stage that is ulcerative
M3 = post treatment stage
M4 = Chronic lesion if treatment fails (likely the reservoir of infection)
- M4.1 = Chronic lesion with subacute component(s) (starting to ulcerate again)

32
Q

Tx fir digital dermatitis

A

clean, remove hair and scab
topical oxytet spray or AB dressing

33
Q

what causes Interdigital necrobacillosis

A
  • Acute necrotitising inflammation of interdigital skin
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum
34
Q

Signs of Interdigital necrobacillosis

A
  • Sudden onset moderate to severe lameness
  • Soft tissue swelling: above and around coronary band and between the digits (Digits forced apart)
  • Swollen, hot, enflamed and painful
  • “Split” in interdigital space which discharges pus and necrotic tissue
35
Q

what causes slurry heel

A
  • From standing in wet corrosive slurry during winter
  • Horn softens = heel erodes = pits and fissures in heels
36
Q

Prevention of slurry heel

A

formalin foot baths in winter
improve underfoot conditions

37
Q

what ar vertical fissures

A

sand cracks
- Periople (top of Coronary) produces wax layer to stop horn drying out
- Damaged = vertical cracks in the wall that extend as the wall grows.
- Causes = digital dermatitis lesions on the front wall of the foot, trauma, hot + sandy summers

38
Q

what are horizontal fissures

A

hardship lines
- When production of wall horn is interrupted as it is being produced at the coronary band.
- Any severe toxic condition e.g. mastitis, metritis, or acute acidosis = temporary but complete absence of horn production
- complete circumferential fissure often round all 8 claws

39
Q

signs and cause of obturator paralysis

A

dystocia crushes nerve
Down cow in splits = abducting
NSAIDs and shackles

40
Q

signs and cause of sciatic paralyssi

A

Dysotcia and occasionally prolonged recumbency

non-weight bearing limb with knuckled foot (fetlock is flexed)
bilateral = dog sit

41
Q

What is interdigital dermatitis/scald? And foot rot?

A

scald develops into foot rot

  • Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum
  • Found in all feet, +++ in lame
  • More DN in feet with scald than in feet with FR
  • Highest loads: DN = week before lesion, FN once lesion there (opportunistic?)
  • = DN causes scald and FN comes in and causes foot rot
42
Q

signs of scald and foot rot

A

scald:
- Inflammation of skin between claws
- Reddening
- White / grey scum/paste

foot rot
- Smell
- Grey ooze
- Under running of hoof horn near to skin between claws
- Under-running of horn anywhere

43
Q

tx for scald and foot rot

A

Separate to stop environmental contamination + spread
Need to treat infection:
- Antibiotics IM (OxyTet)
- Antibiotic spray too
- Can vaccinate (FootVax)

44
Q

what is CODD

A

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis

  • Highly invasive and painful
  • Starts with lesion at coronary
  • Rapid invasion and underrunning of hoof wall.
  • Spirochaetes/treponemes involved but often mixed infection with D nodosus
45
Q

Tx for CODD

A
  • Long-acting injectable antibiotic (Amox or Macr or OxyT)
  • Also AB spray feet
  • NSAIDs (Metacam)

Buy good stock, isolate, don’t mix groups

46
Q

what are the two presentations of white line disease in sheep

A
  1. Shelly hoof
    - Soil or debris accumulates laterally at white line.
    - Seen as black half-moon if pared away. Pockets
    - Often causes no lameness.
  2. Toe abscess
    - Sudden onset extreme lameness with pain & heat
    - Pus tracks up & breaks out at coronary band.
    -Small localised black spot seen at white line if foot is carefully pared.
    - Avoid parenteral antibiotics until the pus has burst out – poultice the foot to encourage this.
47
Q

what is the 5 point plan for managing sheep lameness

A
  1. Avoid spread
    - Spread in wet, muddy areas (troughs, gates)
    - Separate lame/lesion sheep
    - Footbath: Clean first, then zinc sulphate or formalin, send onto hard surface after
  2. Treat quickly
    - Regularly inspect and treat with topical ABs and injectable. Record + mark
  3. Quarantine
    - Buy from known source, reject lame sheep, quarantine new
  4. Cull
    - Persistently lame sheep. Don’t breed. Keep records.
  5. Vaccinate (Footvax)
48
Q

risk factors for sole ulcers

A

walking or standing for long periods on hard surfaces (especially around calving when relaxin high) = promote lying, rubber mats

Hoof overgrowth = routine trimming

Provide peripartuent animals with support

Loss of fat from digital cushion and spiky new bone on P3 = treat disease early to minimise long term impacts

49
Q

risks of white line disease

A

poor underfoot conditions = don’t chase, maintain cow tracks,

foreign bodies = sweep tracks, roll down matts when crossing roads

sharp turns = improve cow flow

add biotin to diet

50
Q

risks for digital dermatitis

A

wet, dirty conditions = keep environment clean, avoid slurry pooling, scrape slowly (bow waves on auto scrapers :(

Poor biosecurity = screen, isolate new flock, routinely food bath

51
Q

Signs of tetanus

A
  • First: Elevated tail
  • Legs abducted (saw horse)
  • Anxious (bulged eyes, flared nostrils, ears back)
  • Seizures (due to loud noise), followed by lock jaw
52
Q

Tetanus Tx

A

high dose penicillin
vaccninate!!

53
Q

Hypomagnesia signs

A

Often in Spring, eating fast growing grass which is low in Mg
Or in autumn with stale grass. Also with calf at foot (milk demand)

death (Ddx = anthrax)
ataxia and paddling of legs
seizures
hyperaesthesia
wild facial expression

54
Q

Dx of grass staggers

A

Live animal = blood sample
- Lithium hep (green) tube

Dead animal = vitreous humour
- Remains stable after death longer than serum/plasma concentration

55
Q

Tx of Grass Staggers

A

emergency !
Give red top calcium IV as this has magnesium in
then sub cut magnesium (Never IV as it kills em)

56
Q

Signs of fog fever

A

respiratory distress with no coughing or pyrexia
may be recumbent

57
Q

what tow conditions can ewes get in late pregnancy

A

Pregnancy toxaemia
Hypocalcaemia

Farm animal (7 decks)

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