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1
Q

Best antibiotic for bovine respiratory disease

A

oxytet

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2
Q

list the common agents of BRD

A
  • Viral = Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Herpes virus 1), Parainfluenza virus 3, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus
  • Bacterial = mycoplasma bovis, TB (mycobacteria bovis), mannheimiea haemolytica, pastuerella multocida, histophilus somni
  • Other = fog fever, lung worm
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3
Q

Prevention if bovine respiratory disease

A
  • Fresh air and ventilation (humidity monitor)
  • Cleanliness (change bedding, drainage, scraping)
  • Good stocking density (All in all out)
  • Dry bedding, adequate temperature
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4
Q

Signs of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

Increase respiratory rate and effort.
Conjunctivitis
tracheitis
harsh URT sounds
nasal discharge
hyperpnoea
+/- ocular discharge

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5
Q

Risks for Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

young animals
brought in stock
contact with neighbours

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6
Q

Distinctive signs of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Oral lesions: Sloughing of mucosa
alongside pyrexia, nasal and ocular discharge

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7
Q

Signs of mycoplasma bovis

A
  • Chronic pneumonia (although may present acutely)
  • Head tilt, ear droop, head shake - due to otitis media
  • Can also cause arthritis and mastitis.
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8
Q

Risks associated with Mannheimiea haemolytica
(Pasteurellosis)

A
  • Shipping fever = following transport, group mixing, diet change
  • Extreme weather, stress, housing (high stocking, etc)
  • Movement from poor pasture to aftermaths or house
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9
Q

PMI with Mannheimiea haemolytica

A

petichial haemhorrhage on lungs
purple, swollen, heavy lungs

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10
Q

Tx and prevention of Mannheimiea haemolytica

A
  • Treat with oxytetracycline
  • Vaccines available

Prevention:
- Reduce stress
- Avoid mixing sources of sheep
- Good ventilation
- Make diet changes gradually

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11
Q

what causes fog fever

A
  • When cattle move from sparse to lush, high protein pasture
  • L-tryptophan is ingested and converted into 3-methylindole which is pneumotoxic
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12
Q

signs of fog fever

A
  • Acute pulmonary oedema and emphysema lead to:
  • Severe respiratory distress without coughing or pyrexia
  • High mortality rate (found dead)
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13
Q

Parasite causing cattle lung worm and signs

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus
- Mild: Intermittent cough
- Moderate: Frequent coughing at rest, tachypnoea, loss of condition
- Severe: Tachypnoea, dyspnoea, “air hunger” position, tongue out when coughing. Sudden death may occur within 1-2 days

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14
Q

Tx and prevention of cattle lungworm

A

Moxidectin or doramectin are good choices

Risk conditions
- Wet summers
- Heaving stocking density
Prevention:
- Delay turnout (overwinter larvae decrease)
-Vaccination
- Rotational grazing

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15
Q

risks and prevention of cattle lung worm

A

Risk conditions
- Wet summers
- Heaving stocking density

Prevention:
- Delay turnout (overwinter larvae will decrease)
- Vaccination
- Rotational grazing

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16
Q

Name the 5 iceberg disease

A

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma - resp
Caseous lymphadenitis - resp
Maedi visna - resp
Ovine Johne’s
Border disease

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17
Q

Signs, dx and tx of Media Visna

A

Chronic wasting disorder
- Laboured breathing
- Chronic lung inflammation
- Increased mastitis and pneumonia
- General: Ill thrift, reduced fertility and productivity

Dx: antibodies in blood (Serology)

tx: euthanasia, fatal condition

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18
Q

what is Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

A

beta retrovirus
- Infects the cells in the lungs => replaces normal tissue with tumours
- Tumours secrete high levels of white foamy fluid
=> susceptible to secondary infections

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19
Q

Treatment for MV, OVA and CL (respiratory icebergs)

A
  • Buy good stock
  • Reduce stocking density
  • Isolate or cull infected individuals
20
Q

what is Caseous lymphadenitis

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Bacteria Enters body via abrasions, inhalation, ingestion
- Spreads to LNs ==> forms microabscesses
- Coalesce into large abscesses filled with green pus

Spread:
- New infected stock
- Also fomites with pus on (shearing is a risk)

21
Q

Signs of Caseous lymphadenitis

A
  • Lumps and bumps on the face and neck
  • A quarter of animals will only have internal abscesses so hard to detect
  • Mastitis if mammary glands effected
22
Q

Dx and Tx of Caseous lymphadenitis

A
  • Bacteriology needs to confirm CLA from pus
  • Antibiotics are not effective inside the abscess
  • No vaccine in the UK
23
Q

Signs and treatment of Laryngeal chondritis

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Inhalational stridor

Treatment:
- 20mg Dexamethasone one-off treatment
- Also antibiotics (amox/clav off licence) for a one week course
- Emergency tracheostomy

24
Q

What bacteria causes ovine Johne’s

A

Mycobacterium avium spp. Paratuberculosis

25
Ovine Johne's signs (and why they are caused)
GIT inflammation and poor absorption Leads to - Reduced fertility - Weight loss - Different to cattle as no scour
26
Dx of ovine Johnes
Low sensitivity of tests and inability to detect subclinical cases. control better - Isolate at risk ewes (old, thin) - Replace with new, young ewes - Cull low BCS ewes - Maintain good hygiene (faecal oral transmission and lambs infected early in life)
27
What is border diseases aka and what is it simile to
- Hairy shaker disease - Pestivirus – like BVD
28
Results of border disease infection during different stages of pregnancy
Non - pregnant - Infection cleared - Antibody positive, antigen negative Early gestation - Foetus may abort or reabsorb - If foetus survives, PI animal is formed which is antibody negative and antigen positive Later gestation - Can clear infection and have normal lamb or PI Effects hair follicles = hairy lambs Tonic clonic contractions of skeletal muscle due to hypomyelinogenesis in CNS
29
Prevention and control of border disease in sheep
Prevention: - Semen evaluation of tups - Natural exposure of NON PREGNANT animals to PI Control: - Good biosecurity - Screen new stock
30
Signs of Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis
Reduced cardiac output and failure - Milk drop - Inappetence - Pain in thorax - Rubbing/friction sounds on cardia auscultation - Tachycardia - Pyrexia Later signs: - Muffled heart sounds due to excess fibrin - Difficult to palpate apex beat - Signs of CHF = jugular distention, ventral oedema, dyspnoea, tachycardia
31
Dx and Tx of Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis
- Eric Williams Test = cow grunt just before primary contraction (reticulum) - Withers Pinch = cow doesn’t move when withers pinched Ultrasound at ICS 3-5 shows purulent fluid in pericardial sac +/- fibrin strands Early (before fibrinous, septic stage); - Magnet to catch metal - Broad spectrum antibiotics (amoxicillin, oxytetracycline) Later stage: - Poor prognosis - PTS
32
Cause and signs of Bacterial endocarditis
- Bacteraemia => adhesion to endothelium (usually mitral or tricuspid valve) - Often Truperella pyogenes Murmur, tachycardia, ill thrift, milk drop
33
Tx of bacterial endocarditis
Long term antibiotic therapy - Minimum of 3 weeks - Penicillin or amoxicillin are best - Prognosis guarded
34
Common (but rare) cause of epistaxis in cattle
Caudal vena cava syndrome/ thrombosis
34
How does caudal vena cava thrombosis form
Liver abscess ==> adjacent to vena cava ==> rupture septic emboli into it ==> occludes vessel See resp signs if emboli travel to lungs
35
Presentation of caudal vena cava thrombosis
- Bilateral epistaxis - Increased heart and respiratory rates - Pale MM - Chronic cough - Chronic pneumonia and lung abscessed due to emboli lodging here - 90% of the time just suppurative pneumonia
36
Cause and signs of Babesia divergent
Tic spread blood parasite causes haemolytic anaemia - Commonly haematuria - Pallor - Dull demeaner - Pyrexia
37
Signs of haemonchus contortus
Acute: - Pallor - Tachycardia - Hyperpnoea - Sudden death Sub-acute - Bottle-jaw Chronic - Ill thrift, poor BCS, weakness - Microcytic anaemia (iron depleted)
38
Major ddx for haemonchus contortus and also treatment
Ddx = liver fluke (also causes bottle jaw) BUT survives better on wet pasture Treat with - Yellow drench – Levamisoles - Clear drench - Ivermectin
39
signs of copper toxicity
- Jaundice, black urine, bronze liver - Gun metal kidneys - Anorexia, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, anaemia - Can be acute or chronic (with acute presentation when liver can’t cope anymore) - Found dead
40
Tx of entropion
- Manual rolling - Subconjunctival injection of AB (~1ml of procaine penicillin into lower lid parallel to palpebral fissure, bump everts eyelid and treats too)
41
what can cause the spread of Infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis (IBK)
flies (contagious) Moxerella bovis bacteria
42
similar V different signs of IBK and Listeria Monocytogenes (Silage eye)
Both: Conjunctivitis, cloudy eye, tears, ulcers LM: drooling and head tilt, often anterior uveitis MB: central white/grey lesions
43
Treatment of listeria monocytogenes
Penicillin
44
Vesicular diseases: Signs of FMD Vs BTV vs VS
Foot and Mouth: Pyrexia, lameness, vesicles on mouth and coronary band Vesicular stomatitis: Restricted to oral mucosa Blue tongue virus: Swollen head, ears and lips

Farm animal (7 decks)

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