Neuro lol

Question 1

4 examples of lesion localisation

Answer 1

 Whole body + abnormal mentation = forebrain
 Whole body + normal mentation = cerebellum
 Face/head only + normal mentation = cranial nerves
 All 4 limbs + normal head + normal mentation = C1-T2
 Hindlimbs only = T3-L6

Question 2

what cranial nerves supply the face

Answer 2

5 - trigeminal - sensation and motor to mastication
7 - facial = motor to muscles

Question 3

what cranial nerves control swallowing and tongue

Answer 3

12 - hypoglossal
10 - vagus
9 - glossopharyngeal

Question 4

what cranial nerves control vision and ocular movement

Answer 4

2 - optic
3 - oculomotor (vision and movement)
4 - trochlear (movement)
6 - abducens (movement)

Question 5

cause and signs and tx of calf bacterial meningitis

Answer 5

Septicaemia => meningitis (incomplete BBB and weaker immune system). Often e.coli or salmonella
Signs: depressed, weak sucker, hypopyon, pyrexia, Omphalophlebitis

Tx: AMC and TMPS cross BBB

Question 6

signs of calf hypernatraemia

Answer 6

Cerebral oedema = muscle tremors, seizures, ataxia, opisthotonos
- May just have high mortality with no obvious neuro signs

Question 7

what muscle is typically effected in calf spastic paresis

Answer 7

Gastrocnemius = excessive tone
older calves
typically euthanised

Question 8

what nervous signs are seen in sheep pregnancy toxaemia

Answer 8

• Early: Separation from group, apparent blindness
• Later: drowsiness, facial twitching, salivating, deviated head, star gazing, ataxia, ketone breath, seizures

Question 9

What is Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)

Answer 9

Common, Thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency
Low thiamine = effects glucose pathways = damage to cerebral neurones

Also sulphur induced if diet high in sulphates. less common

Question 10

signalment and signs of thiamine CCN

Answer 10

• Weaned lambs and calves most often
• History of recent dietary change (~2 weeks prior)
  => Disruption of rumen microflora

Signs
- Sudden onset blindness,
- Aimless wandering and circling, head pressing, star-gazing
- Progress over 12-24hrs to lateral recumbency and opisthotonos

Question 11

Treatment of thiamine CNN

Answer 11

Thiamine (vit B1) treatment –
- Give (slow) IV initially, then IV or IM
May also need dexamethasone if cerebral oedema

diet: ensure roughage and sulphur, may need thiamine supplements

Question 12

What is swayback in small ruminants

Answer 12

Copper deficiency of ewes/does in mid-pregnancy
Effects lambs/kids

Question 13

3 presentations of swayback

Answer 13

1. Congenital cerebrospinal swayback
   - Lambs born dead or weak and unable to stand
2. Progressive spinal swayback
   - Stiff staggering gait, hindlimb ataxia (swaying gait)
   - Signs develop at 3-6 weeks of age
   - Most common form
3. Cerebral oedema (Wales only)

Question 14

Dx and Tx of swayback

Answer 14

Liver biopsy to assess copper levels

• Oral supplementation of copper
• Severely affected lambs = poor prognosis

Prevention:
- Ensure adequate copper in diet during mid pregnancy (Oral dosing, Slow release bolus, Injections)
- BUT Care with sheep  susceptible to copper toxicity.

Question 15

Signs of Vitamin A deficiency in young adults

Answer 15

• Night blindness – earliest c/sign
• Skeletal muscle paralysis (weakness and ataxia that starts in hindlimbs)
• Encephalopathy (convulsions)

Question 16

what disease can lead to cerebella hypoplasia

Answer 16

BVD

Question 17

What can cause silage eye

Answer 17

Common. Listeria monocytogenes
Feeding poorly made/stored silage (ph 5.5)
Ascending infection via trigeminal nerves

Question 18

Signs of silage eye and Tx

Answer 18

• Encephalitis/meningitis
• Abortion
• Keratoconjunctivitis/ uveitis
• Early: depressed, separate, ataxic, pyretic
• Later: recumbent, severe depression, facial paralysis, drooling, flaccid tongue
• Final: death

Tx: Penicillin

Question 19

What is Louping ill

Answer 19

• Tick borne (Ixodes ricinus) flavivirus = encephalitis
• Muscle tremors, nibbling, ataxia, drooling, death after 1-3 days

Question 20

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy control

Answer 20

SRM not allowed in food chain
neuro disease from cerebral disease

Question 21

Signs of Coenurus cerebralis neuro disease

Answer 21

Cysts form in CNS

Signs depend on lesion:
- Cerebrum: blindness, ataxia, collapse, dull mentation, head pressing, circling
- Spinal cord: gradual development of paralysis
Common = slow developing unilateral blindness

Question 22

Treatment of coenurus cerbralis

Answer 22

Albendazole might reduce cysts size

Prevention better:
- worm with praziquantil
- don’t allow dogs to scavenge

Question 23

Signs of nervous ketosi

Answer 23

sudden onset
- Circling and aimless wandering
- Crossing limbs and ataxia
- Apparent blindness, walking into objects