Landscapes of the UK (River Tees and Jurassic Coast)

Question 1

What is an upland landscape?

Answer 1

An area of elevated land that contains hills and mountains often above 600m above sea level

Question 2

What is a lowland landscape?

Answer 2

An area of flat land that below 200m above sea level

Question 3

What is a glaciated landscape?

Answer 3

An upland area that was once covered in glaciers. They have dramatically eroded peaks and ridges

Question 4

How are igneous rocks produced?

Answer 4

When magma cools either beneath or above the ground e.g. granite or basalt

Question 5

How are metamorphic rocks produced?

Answer 5

When heat and pressure on existing igneous and sedimentary rocks changes its structure e.g. slate

Question 5

How are sedimentary rocks produced?

Answer 5

When layers of sediment are laid down and compressed at the bottom of the ocean e.g. chalk and limestone

Question 6

What are the three main factors for the UK climate?

Answer 6

1. Altitude
2. Latitude
3. Precipitation

Question 7

What effect does altitude have on the UK climate?

Answer 7

There are lower temperatures in upland areas and higher temperatures in lowland areas as the heat capacity of air decreases as altitude increases

Question 8

What effect does latitude have on the UK climate?

Answer 8

There are lower temperatures in higher latitude locations and warmer temperatures in lower latitude locations. This is because at high latitudes, the Earth receives less solar radiation than low latitudes

Question 9

What effect does precipitation have on the UK climate?

Answer 9

There is more rainfall in upland areas and less rainfall in lowland areas. This is because of relief rainfall with the east side of the UK in a rain shadow from the mountains on the west side

Question 10

What are the three main human activities in the UK?

Answer 10

1. Farming
2. Settlements
3. Electricity generation

Question 11

What is abrasion?

Answer 11

Sand or pebbles thrown against river banks, wearing it away

Question 12

What is attrition?

Answer 12

Rocks carried by water collide, breaking up into smaller pieces, becoming smaller and rounder

Question 13

What is solution?

Answer 13

Minerals dissolved in water

Question 14

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 14

Water forces its way into cracks, creating weaknesses in rocks, splitting them apart

Question 15

What is traction?

Answer 15

Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed

Question 16

What is saltation?

Answer 16

Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

Question 17

What is suspension?

Answer 17

Fine and light materials are suspended in water

Question 18

What is sliding?

Answer 18

A section of land falls down a slope and dislodges other material on its way down

Question 19

What is slumping?

Answer 19

Material at the bottom of a slope move outward

Question 20

What is biological weathering?

Answer 20

Rocks and land are broken down from the action of organisms such as rabbits burrowing into river banks

Question 21

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 21

Minerals react chemically, such as water breaking down rocks and air weakening minerals through oxidation

Question 22

What is mechanical weathering?

Answer 22

Physical actions of rain, frost and wind that create weaknesses in rocks such as freeze-thaw weathering

Question 23

How do V-shaped valleys form?

Answer 23

1. Large boulders cut rapidly downwards, causing vertical erosion
2. Hill slopes become unstable with rain reacting with rock around it, breaking it down into smaller pieces
3. Landslides send material down into the river. Over time, vertical erosion causes steep V-shaped valleys

Question 24

How are waterfalls and gorges formed?

Answer 24

1. Hard rock (whinstone) is so hard that the river cannot wear it away 2. River erodes the softer rock underneath and undercuts more resistant whinstone due to hydraulic action and abrasion 3. The overhang becomes unstable and collapses due to mass movement 4. The process repeats over time, causing the waterfall to retreat upstream and create a gorge

Question 25

How are meanders formed?

Answer 25

1. The thalweg (fastest flow of water) is on the bend where the channel is deep, flinging water to the outside bend as it flows around the meander 2. Lateral erosion results in the undercutting of the river bank and the formation of a steep-sided cliff 3. On the other side, the water flows slower, so it has less energy leading to deposition 4. Over time, a small beach of material - a slip-off slope - is formed

Question 26

How is an ox-bow lake formed?

Answer 26

1. Hydraulic action and abrasion on the outside bend leads to the formation of a river cliff. On the inside bend, deposition occurs, building up a slip-off slope 2. Over time, the erosion on the outside bend causes the neck of the meander to narrow 3. Eventually, the neck is broken through and the river flows a straight path 4. The old meander is sealed off by deposition to form an ox-bow lake which dries up forming a meander scar

Question 27

How is a floodplain formed?

Answer 27

1. When a river floods, it overflows its banks and spreads across the valley 2. As water slows down, it loses energy and deposits sediment 3. This creates wide land due to lateral erosion

Question 28

How is a levee formed?

Answer 28

As a water in a floodplain retreats, the water drops the heaver sediment closer to the river channel. After the river has been flooded several times, it can form levees on either side of the river

Question 29

What influence does climate have on the River Tees?

Answer 29

1. Heavy rainfall in the upper course in the Pennines cause mass movement because the land becomes more saturated, making it more prone to slumping and sliding, creating V-shaped valleys 2. Winter temperatures in the upper course speed up the rate of physical weathering as exposed rocks are weathered more quickly by processes, such as freeze-thaw weathering

Question 30

What influence does geology have on the River Tees?

Answer 30

1. In the upper course at High Force waterfall, the river is unable to erode a hard layer called Whinstone. It erodes the softer rock underneath due to hydraulic action and abrasion, causing it to undercut the Whinstone and collapse into the plunge pool 2. In the middle course, the geology is more mixed with rocks having alternating bands of resistance. The fastest flow of water erodes the softer rock. Lateral erosion undercuts the river bank and forms steep river cliffs and meanders

Question 31

How many reservoirs are there along the River Tees?

Answer 31

9

Question 32

What are the positives of the Cow Green resevoir?

Answer 32

1. Controls flooding for downstream communities 2. Gives recreational opportunities on/around reservoirs 3. Creates new habitats for aquatic species 4. Water storage for drought conditions

Question 33

What are the negatives of the Cow Green resevoir?

Answer 33

1. Reduces fertility of downstream agricultural areas 2. Drowns forestry 3. Fish populations may lose easy migration routes upstream

Question 34

What are the positives of the Tees Barrage?

Answer 34

1. Prevents high tides flooding the lower course of the river 2. Creates recreational opportunities on/around the barrage 3. Fish ladders installed to reduce the impact on migrating fish 4. White Water Rafting Centre created leading to economic growth

Question 35

What are the negatives of the Tees Barrage?

Answer 35

1. Aesthetically unappealing 2. Constant management to ensure no man-made disasters, such as barriers shut in heavy rainfall events 3. Lands are less fertile due to less flooding

Question 36

How do headlands and bays form?

Answer 36

1. There must be a discordant coastline where there are bands of rock of different resistances next to each other 2. Due to differential erosion, the softer rock erodes quicker than the harder rock 3. Hydraulic action and abrasion erodes the softer rock 4. The more resistant rock juts out into a headland and a bay

Question 37

How does a beach form?

Answer 37

1. A sandy beach forms in sheltered bays, where low-energy constructive waves deposit material onto the shore 2. The swash is stronger than the backwash so material gets deposited on the bay

Question 38

How does a spit form?

Answer 38

1. The prevailing wind approaches the beach at an angle, bringing waves and transporting sediment. The swash is at the same angle as the prevailing wind, moving material up the beach 2. The backwash is perpendicular to the beach due to gravity. Over time, the sediment is transported along the coastline by LSD 3. This transports sediment out to sea, building a small patch of land away from the cliff. This creates a sheltered area behind the deposited material, often a salt marsh that helps stabilise the land

Question 39

What are three methods of coastal management on Swanage beach?

Answer 39

1. Sea Walls - hard engineering 2. Groynes - hard engineering 3. Beach replenishment - soft engineering

Question 40

When was the sea walls installed on Swanage beach and how long were they?

Answer 40

1920 - 1.8km of sea walls

Question 41

What are the advantages of sea walls?

Answer 41

1. They limit wave erosion through abrasion and hydraulic action 2. Effective at protecting the cliff 3. Promenades for people to walk along them

Question 42

What are the disadvantages of sea walls?

Answer 42

1. Waves are still powerful enough and can break down the sea wall 2. Expensive - £5,000,000/km

Question 43

When were the groynes installed on Swanage beach and how much did they cost?

Answer 43

2005 - £50,000 each

Question 44

What are the advantages of groynes?

Answer 44

1. They trap sediment being carried by long shore drift 2. Builds a beach that attracts tourism

Question 45

What are the disadvantages of groynes?

Answer 45

1. By trapping sediment, it starves beaches further down the coastline, increasing the rate of erosion elsewhere 2. They look unattractive

Question 46

When did beach replenishment occur and how much did it cost?

Answer 46

2005 - £2.2 million

Question 47

What are the advantages of beach replenishment?

Answer 47

1. Increases the amount of deposition in Swanage Bay 2. More sediment available for transport along the beach 3. Larger beaches attracting tourists

Question 48

What are the disadvantages of beach replenishment?

Answer 48

1. Replacement every 20 years 2. Sand has to be brought in from elsewhere