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Geography A (OCR) > People of the UK (Cambridge) > Flashcards

People of the UK (Cambridge) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is trade?

A

The exchange of goods or services

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2
Q

What is a trade surplus

A

Where a country’s exports exceed imports

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3
Q

What is a trade deficit?

A

Where a country’s imports exceed exports

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4
Q

What did the UK and EU announce in 2020?

A

A free trade deal that took effect on January 1st 2021 which meant there were no tariffs or quotas

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5
Q

What are primary sector jobs?

A

The harvesting of raw materials from nature

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6
Q

What are secondary sector jobs?

A

Conversion of raw materials into something more valuable

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7
Q

What are tertiary sector jobs?

A

Selling of services and skills as well as goods and products

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8
Q

What are quaternary sector jobs?

A

Industries providing information (very intellectual)

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9
Q

What is the Gini Coefficient?

A

The measure of inequality among the distribution of money

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10
Q

What does it mean if a country has a Gini coefficient of 1?

A

Perfect inequality

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11
Q

What does it mean if a country has a Gini coefficient of 0?

A

Perfect equality

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12
Q

What is the poverty trap?

A

Where a family is in poverty, making it hard to escape from it

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13
Q

What are the 4 key reasons for uneven development in the UK?

A
  1. Geographical location
  2. Economic change
  3. Investment in key infrastructure
  4. Government policy
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14
Q

How does geographical location affect development?

A
  1. London’s dominance could trickle out to surrounding areas like Cambridge
  2. Coastal areas flourish for trading purposes
  3. Resource rich areas like South Wales boomed
  4. Steep relief hinders construction
  5. Isolation means that areas are difficult to get to
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15
Q

How does economic change affect development?

A

The change from a primary sector population to tertiary sector population means that some areas have changed. Also, the demand for tertiary sector jobs has increased so more people are needed for tertiary sector jobs

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16
Q

How does infrastructure affect development?

A

Infrastructure involves transport, services and communications with some areas having more investment benefiting that area and increase development

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17
Q

How does government policy affect development?

A

The government has two options of either funding projects in London or promote development in other locations to even out inequalities. The government spends 6x more on a person in London than in the North on transport

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18
Q

Why has housing become unaffordable in Cambridge?

A

Increased job opportunities in research and development attracting more workers into the area

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19
Q

What are the impacts of housing in Cambridge?

A

House and rent prices have increased rapidly, making Cambridge the highest cost outside of London

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20
Q

What are the causes of Cambridge’s traffic?

A
  1. Medieval style town centre with narrow streets
    2 . High income jobs mean more people commuting into the city
  2. Growth of towns outside Cambridge mean that people will have to travel more for their jobs everyday
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21
Q

Why is waste becoming a problem in Cambridge?

A

Increased wealth is resulting in more waste

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22
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

Investment in businesses and economic growth often leads to improved positive impacts in the area because it creates a chain of knock-on impacts

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23
Q

Why is inequality becoming a problem in Cambridge?

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A

The wealth from economic growth hasn’t been spread evenly across all residents due to many high-paying jobs requiring high-skill levels so many people cannot have these high-paying jobs

24
Q

What is natural increase?

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A

The difference between the birth and death rate

25
What are the positives of an aging population?
1. Lower crime rates 2. Help with childcare, allowing parents to work 3. Social benefits - grandparents passing on knowledge
26
What are the negatives of an ageing population?
1. More strain on the NHS 2. Less people paying taxes 3. Higher dependency ratio
27
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to another
28
What is immigration?
People coming into a country
29
What is emmigration?
People leaving a country
30
What are push and pull factors for migration into the UK?
Push: 1. War 2. Lack of education 3. Poor services Pull: 1. Better job opportunities 2. Better quality of life 3. Better services
31
Why is the UK an ageing population?
It has a large proportion of the population aged over 65 years old
32
What are the positive impacts of immigration into the UK?
1. More people working leading to increasing economy 2. Vibrant communities 3. Counterbalances aging population
33
What are the negative impacts of immigration into the UK?
1. Housing shortage worsened with migrants 2. Cost if treating migrants increasing 3. Tensions between different ethnic groups leading to violence
34
What is urbanisation?
The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
35
What is suburbanisation?
The movement of people out of inner city areas into the edges of cities
36
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people out of urban areas into rural areas
37
What is re-urbanisation?
The movement of people from suburbs and rural areas back into inner city areas
38
What are the consequences of green belts?
They reduce land available and pushes up house prices
39
What is the green belt?
A policy for controlling urban growth
40
What influence does sport in Cambridge have?
Cambridge is home to a number of small clubs like Cambridge United FC but has a small scale influence as these clubs aren't on a national scale
41
What influence does culture in Cambridge have?
There are several University of Cambridge museums which are famous across the country such as the Fitzwilliam which attracts tourists
42
What influence does transport in Cambridge have?
Cambridge is connected to London via the M11 and one major train line into the city, making it easy for people to travel in and out of London to Cambridge
43
What influence does population in Cambridge have?
Cambridge has a population of 125,000 people, insignificant compared to Manchester which has 500,000 people
44
What influence does the economy in Cambridge have?
Cambridge has a diverse economy with strengths in sectors such as research and high value engineering, attracting big countries and people internationally to move here
45
What influence does tourism in Cambridge have?
Tourism generates over £350 million a year for the local economy. Tourists are drawn to the university buildings, historic city centre and sites such as the Botanical Gardens
46
What influence does education in Cambridge have?
Cambridge has two major universities - University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin serving 25,000 students. Cambridge University is one of the top ranking universities in the world with a variety of high performing state and independent schools, making people attracted to Cambridge and wanting to stay here
47
What are the impacts of migration in Cambridge?
1. Services such as the International Food Store on Mill Road offer international phone cards and papers to contact other countries as well as adding to the multiplier effect 2. Migrants mean that more housing is needed, leading to houses being built on green belt land such as Trumpington Meadows 3. 20% of Cambridge's residents were born outside of the UK with some areas being more culturally diverse such as Mill Road with international cafes, increasing globalisation 4. With an increasing working population, traffic is becoming a larger problem due to the city's medieval road structure. Cycle routes are being built to facilitate growing demand 5. Businesses can grow with increases in skilled workforce, leading to Cambridge's rapid economic growth of 9% but also inequality
48
What are contemporary challenges in Cambridge?
1. Many jobs created meaning the housing stock doesn't provide enough places to live. Higher demand and relatively high salaries mean that house prices are very high 2. A medieval style town centre means that traffic can get very congested. Many jobs in the centre and people living outside of the city for cheaper house prices mean that more people drive into the city 3. An expected 20,000 future increase in Cambridge inhabitants mean that waste will increase by 7,000 tonnes a year with landfill sites such as Milton having finite capacity. Eventually new sites will be required
49
What is the population of Cambridge?
125,000
50
How many multinational corporation are located in Cambridge?
Over 25
51
What is the annual increase in employees?
4%
52
What is the annual increase in business turnover?
9%
53
What is the average income in Cambridge?
>£700/week in South Cambridge compared to Norwich (£500/week)
54
What is the gini coefficient in Cambridge?
0.46
55
How unaffordable are houses in Cambridge?
£600,000 average house price (+65% over 15 years)
56
How many days does the average Cambridge driver spend in traffic?
23 days
57
What are some sustainable solutions to Cambridge's traffic?
1. Cambridge North Station opened in 2017 to serve business and science parks. It cost around £50 million and connects passengers to Norwich, London and Stansted 2. Guided Busway opened in 2011, costing £181 million and uses old railway tracks. It connects Cambridge to St Ives and Huntingdon and new housing developments such as Trumpington Meadows. It also has cycle ways and paths to help avoid traffic and speeding up journey times 3. The Cambridge Park and Ride has 5 sites around Cambridge. It encourages people living in surrounding areas to drive to their nearest park and ride car park for cheap parking and an affordable bus ride into the city. This reduces congestion and emissions and improves air quality and pollution

Geography A (OCR) (7 decks)

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