People of the Planet (Lagos and Nigeria) Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
What is development?
A
The improvement in living standards through better uses of resources
2
Q
What is economic development?
A
The increase in wealth of a country and the individuals in the country
3
Q
What is social development?
A
The improvement to the quality of life for people living in the country
4
Q
What is environmental development?
A
The improvement in the use and conservation of the natural world
5
Q
What is sustainable development?
A
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
6
Q
What is the Human Development Index?
A
A composite indicator combining life expectancy, mean years of schooling and gross national income (GNI) per capita
7
Q
What is the internet users development indicator?
A
It tells us the percentage of users connected to the internet
8
Q
What is GNI per capita?
A
The value of goods and services produced by a country divided by the population
9
Q
What are the advantages of the Human Development Index?
A
- Shows social development as well as economic
- Shows government spending on services that benefit people in society
10
Q
What are the disadvantages of the Human Development Index?
A
- Doesn’t take into account inequality within a country
- As a composite indicator, we can’t tell which of the three components are to blame for low scores
- Does not include people working in the informal sector
11
Q
What are the advantages of internet users?
A
- Can reflect economic factors such as availability of disposable income to spend on non-essentials
- Shows social development as well as economic
- Shows the development of infrastructure
12
Q
What are the disadvantages of internet users?
A
- Doesn’t take into account inequality within a country
- Only looks at social and economic factors and not the environment
- Poor data availability and often not reliable when compared between different countries as speeds and prices are so vastly different
13
Q
What are the advantages of GNI per capita?
A
- Easy to calculate using government figures which are readily collected
- Often strongly correlated with other development indicators so people argue that you don’t need to use anything else
14
Q
What are the disadvantages of GNI per capita?
A
- Only looks at social and economic factors and doesn’t look at the environment
- Doesn’t take into account inequality within a country
- Only measures one aspect (economic) and doesn’t look at environment or social development
15
Q
What is an advanced country (AC)?
A
A country with a GNI per capita above $12,746. They have large tertiary sector jobs in the economy with a highly interconnected economy with links around the world
16
Q
What is an emerging developing country (EDC)?
A
A country with a GNI per capita above $1,045 but below $12,746. Their economies a heavily reliant on secondary sector jobs like manufacturing. They have emerging tertiary sectors and are beginning to grow international links
17
Q
What is a low income developing country (LIDC)?
A
A country with a GNI per capita below $1,045. They receive ‘poverty reduction loans’ from the IMF and are described as having a poor standard of living and being the least developed
18
Q
Landscape - DRC
A
Large parts of the landscape are covered by the Congo River Basin. Rivers allow for trade but waterfalls make it not very navigable. There are three mountain ranges which are difficult to build on and cross but can be attractive locations for tourists to visit. This could also benefit locals and trigger a positive multiplier effect in local economies
19
Q
Climate - DRC
A
The DRC has high temperatures but also high rainfall. However, this can be a cause of intense flooding which would hinder development
20
Q
Ecosystems - DRC
A
Tropical rainforests have huge diversity of flora and fauna. The rainforest woods make for useful timber exports and many tourists arrive to see flora and fauna such as the gorilla at Virunga National Park
21
Q
Type of Natural Resources - DRC
A
The DRC is rich in natural resources. It has large amounts of diamonds, cobalt and copper. It has one of the largest forest reserves in Africa and contains half the hydroelectric power potential of the continent
22
Q
What are the problems of having large amounts of natural resources?
A
- Prices always changing, making it fragile
- Opens up countries to corruption and exploitation
- Unbalanced economy, less democracy and development
- Other countries benefitting from exploitation of these resources
- Conflict
22
Q
What are the positives of colonialism?
A
- European colonisers pent large amounts of their budgets on transport and mining technology, often linking mining areas to coastal ports, helping develop trade
- Being colonised meant deeper integration into world trade as connections were created internationally
23
Q
What are the negatives of colonialism?
A
- Divided countries with an estimated 177 cultures divided
- Areas containing resources received investment to support resource extraction but areas that didn’t have natural resources were neglected
- Much of the money made from the natural resources were also sent back to Europe
- These ex-colonies are now highly dependent on these natural resources for their income
24
What is the political state of the DRC?
1. Mobutu in power from 1965-1997
2. Followed by Kabilas
3. Lots of corruption with money sent to individuals rather than the greater good
4. 13 million people affected by war
25
What is the DRC's relationship with Belgium?
1. Belgian influence on schooling
2. Critical infrastructure such as roads built by Belgians
26
What is the DRC's relationship with China?
1. Many Chinese Multi-billion dollar mining industries in the DRC
2. China has constructed farms, an 80,000 person sports stadium and a hospital
3. China has agreed to drop $30 million of debt and gave $20 million aid
27
What is the DRC's relationship with the USA?
Training the DRC military to limit Chinese influence
28
What effect does corruption have on development?
1. Politicians steal money from taxes and aid
2. Less money for roads, electricity, education etc.
3. Investment is more risky from foreign companies
4. Jobs aren't created by foreign companies
5. Less money from taxes so less development
29
What has Oxfam done in DRC?
Oxfam is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) which provides emergency aid to the DRC which has been affected by war and outbreaks of Ebola. They have reached over 750,000 people and have provided clean water and improved sanitisation facilities to reduce the spread of disease
30
What has Save the Children done in the DRC?
They build classrooms, train teaches and distribute learning materials. They have also helped to identify Ebola cases, train healthcare staff and start a mass education campaign, as well as urge the government to stop the recruitment of children into armed groups
31
Why can aid hinder development in the DRC?
The DRC receives hundreds of millions of dollars of aid annually but there are a network of fraudsters who have embedded themselves within the humanitarian organisations and have created corrupt practices
32
What are the positive impacts of trade in the DRC?
1. The DRC is in a trade surplus, making money which can then be invested into infrastructure such as hospitals and schools
2. The DRC has had an average economic growth rate of 7%
33
What are the negative impacts of trade in the DRC?
1. The DRC has a narrow economic base highly dependent on the primary sector (70% of exports are metals) making it fragile to changes in prices
2. Finite resources could put the whole economy at risk
34
What are the negative impacts of education on development?
1. 7 million children under 17 don't go to school
2. Cost of schooling is a barrier to many even though the government promised free primary education in 2010
3. Gender inequalities - some families sending boys over girls if they don't have enough money
4. 5 million children with no education in the late 1990s - early 2000s during civil war
35
What are the positive impacts of education on development?
1. Compared to 50% of children going to school in 2000, this has increased to 80%
2. Children can get better qualifications and escape the poverty cycle
36
What are the positive impacts of healthcare on development?
1. Malaria rates are decreasing (-40% in the last 10 years)
36
What are the negative impacts of healthcare on development?
1. 10% of children die before their 5th birthday
2. 40% of children have stunted growth due to malnutrition
3. Hit badly by communicable diseases such as Ebola
4. Healthcare poorly funded by the government (only 10% from the government with the rest form NGOs, private funding and aid)
37
What are the positive and negative impacts of technology?
1. Only 1% of the population have a landline
2. 41 million phone subscriptions in DRC, up from 2 million in 2005
3. From January 2021, Africell will be producing mobile phones in the DRC itself, showing an expanding secondary sector and widening economic base
4. Mobile phones are important for accessing banks in LIDCs as there are few physical banks so this allows them to pay bills and receive wages
38
What are the consequences of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs and EDCs?
1. Lack of housing
2. Unhygienic living conditions
3. Lack of government programmes
39
What are the consequences of lack of housing in LIDCs and EDCs?
Due to extremely high demand in a very shorty space of time, property developers and landlords cannot provide new housing stock leading to overcrowding and growth of slums on marginal land
40
What are the consequences of unhygienic conditions from rapid urbanisation?
Due to improper waste disposal, there are often exposed rubbish dumps close to people's living quarters which cannot be collected due to narrow unplanned roads which don't accommodate waste disposal trucks causing the spread of disease
41
What are the consequences of lack government programmes from rapid urbanisation?
Due to such high demand there isn't enough hospitals or schools to access these services or enough professionals such as doctors and teachers to provide them
42
What is Lagos' influence in the region?
1. Lagos is growing at a rapid rate of 4% per year. 40% of this is due to rural-urban migration from the surrounding countryside
2. Lagos has 9000 millionaires
3. Lagos ports have over 90% of all sea port activities
43
What is Lagos' influence in Nigeria?
1. Lagos is an important financial centre for Nigeria as it generates 25% of Nigeria's GDP. If it was a country it would be the 7th largest economy in Africa
2. The university of Lagos is the second best university in the country
3. The export of crude oil accounts for 14% of Nigeria's GDP predominantly takes place in Lagos
4. Lagos is the cultural heart of Nigeria with sights such as the national museum of Nigeria, Christ's cathedral and Oba's place
5. Until 1991, Lagos was the federal capital of Nigeria
44
What is Lagos' influence in the world?
1. Lagos Murtala Mohammed international airport serves over 7 million passengers a year, making it a major hub within Western Africa
2. Lagos is a major ICT hub of West Africa
3. Lagos is ranked as a Beta-city in the world cities index
4. Lagos is home to Nigeria's movie industry - Nollywood. It's the second biggest movie industry after Bollywood
5. Lagos has one of the largest and busiest ports in Africa
45
What influence does migration have on the growth of Lagos?
1. Lagos' population will double in 15 years and increases by 85 people per hour
2. A lot of migration comes from surrounding LIDCs such as Benin and Togo
3. Some international migration from ACs and EDCs to richer parts like Banana Island
46
What culture is there in Makoko (ways of life)?
1. Traditional culture - local chiefs (Baales) have huge importance
2. Floating churches, fishing and timber works a big part of life
3. Children swimming in dirty lagoon
47
What ethnicity is in Makoko (ways of life)?
1. Founded as a fishing village by the Egun ethnic group
2. Most migrants from Benin
48
What housing is in Makoko (ways of life)?
1. Only 10% of Makoko residents own their house
2. Most land is owned by one large landowner (Olaiya family)
3. Most houses are on stilts over the lagoon
4. Dangerous fire risk to wooden buildings
49
What leisure is in Makoko (ways of life)?
1. More small scale singing, dancing, churches and restaurants
2. People go to bars to watch Premier League (UK) games
50
What consumption is in Makoko (ways of life)?
1. Floating restaurants, gas stations and supermarkets
2. 20% unemployment means low disposable income
51
What culture is in wider Lagos (ways of life)?
1. Increasingly modernised and multicultural city
2. Home to Nollywood - film and music
3. Tourist sites across the city - e.g. National Museum
4. Beaches - e.g. Oniru
52
What ethnicity is in wider Lagos (ways of life)?
1. Multicultural in terms of national and international groups
2. Dominant ethnic group - Yoruba
3. There are 250 different ethnic groups
4. Many international citizens from surrounding LIDCs such as Benin and Togo
53
What housing is in wider Lagos (ways of life)?
1. A huge range across the city
2. Two extremes: Makoko vs Banana Island
3. Banana Island: 353 luxury land plots
4. Banana Island: Average price = $2m for 3 bedroom apartment
54
What leisure is in wider Lagos (ways of life)?
1. Widespread opportunities
2. Freedom Park - regular music events
3. Bridge Boys FC football at Agege Stadium
4. Funtopia waterpark
55
What consumption is in wider Lagos (ways of life)?
1. The Palms shopping mall with international brands
2. Many luxury shop/restaurants on Lagos Island
3. Idumota market for locals and Lekki market for tourists
56
What are the causes of transport problems in Lagos?
Lagos has such a large population with as many as 230,000 cars on the road. There are also only 3 bridges connecting the island and the mainland
57
What are the effects of transport problems in Lagos?
1. Old second hand cars consume lots of fuel causing pollution
2. Lack of transport infrastructure - no railway - forcing people to travel by car
3. Massive pileups on roads
4. Cheap fuel causing pollution ($2.75 per gallon)
58
What are the causes of housing problems in Lagos?
More than 500,000 people move into Lagos each year with tens of millions of Nigerian urban residents (60%-80%) excluded from access to formal affordable housing and have no other option but to live in slums such as Makoko
59
What are the effects of housing problems in Lagos?
1. The government can bulldoze informal settlements at any point, and aren't doing enough to rebuild and create formal housing (100,000 units per year) falls short of demand
2. Lack of secure tenure means that the government can cut through the stilts and destroy the housing as in 2012, when only 72 hours notice was given with 30,000 people rendered homeless
60
What are the causes of waste problems in Lagos?
In Lagos metropolis, clean drinking water is a problem with reliance on bottled water reaching 100%, due to the unregulated discharge of effluents into the lagoon by over 2000 industries. The waste generation per capita stands at 0.65kg per person per day, resulting in 10,000 metric tonnes of waste produced daily
61
What are the effects of waste problems in Lagos?
1. The amount of waste being produced exceeds the capacity of the existing infrastructure
2. Sewage spreading below houses leading to the creation of one of the unhealthiest marginal neighbourhoods in the world
3. Much of the waste is non-biodegradable contributing to high levels of pollution in the lagoon
62
What is Eko Atlantic?
A new coastal city built on reclaimed land from the Atlantic Ocean in the south of Lagos
63
What are the positives of Eko Atlantic?
1. It creates new land and real estate which decompresses the population density
2. Massive amounts of jobs created to build and maintain the land and housing in it
3. A sea wall has been built to protect the original area of Lagos
4. 150,000 trees planted (big carbon sink)
64
What are the negatives of Eko Atlantic?
1. It's targeted at the rich and affluent businesses and people so the poor and deprived people living in informal settlements don't have access
2. It targets foreigners rather than native Nigerians
3. Lots of concrete used
65
What is Tempohousing Nigera?
A company that provides cheap solutions to the housing problem by making homes out of shipping containers. It's 30% cheaper than using bricks and concrete. Houses cost around £7,000
66
What are the positives of Tempohousing Nigeria?
1. Affordable housing
2. Quicker to build
3. Reuses old materials
67
What are the negatives of Tempohousing Nigeria?
1. Some people believe that it won't last for a long time
2. This small company may not be able to build lots of these houses
68
What are the Makoko floating settlements?
Floating settlements in Makoko to tackle the housing problem
69
What are the positives of floating settlements?
1. Expands onto the Lagoon and targets the poorest people
2. Increases quality of life
3. Cannot be flooded
4. Cheap
70
What are the negatives of floating settlements?
1. Could be dangerous if it sinks
2. Difficult to build
3. Structural integrity issues with extreme weather conditions
71
At what rate is the population of Lagos increasing per year?
4%
72
What percentage of Nigeria's GDP is from Lagos?
25%
73
How big is Lagos?
Lagos sprawls over 50km inland
74
How many people live in Makoko?
250,000
75
How much rubbish is collected in Lagos?
40%
76
How many homes were built in 2008-2011?
6000 but 2000 people move in each day
77
How many cars are registered in Lagos?
27,000 in 1995
230,000 in 2010
