Language

Question 1

Confirmation of hemispheric specialization for language

Answer 1

split brain patients percieve the left visual information but cannot identify it using language. They percieve right visual information and can identify is using language because the BRoca’s area is on the same side?

Question 2

Broca’s area

Answer 2

region essential for language production

Question 3

Brain regions of the language in the left hemisphere

Answer 3

Auditory cortex, Wenicke’s area, * Angular gyrus (Geschwind’s area), Broca’s area, Arcuate fasiculus, and Motor cortex

Question 4

Auditory cortex

Answer 4

temporal lobe, identify pitch and loudness of sounds

Question 5

Wernicke’s area

Answer 5

Temporal lobe, comprehension of language

Question 6

Angular gyrus

Answer 6

Parietal lobe, number and semantic processing, working memory

Question 7

Broca’s area

Answer 7

Frontal lobe, production of language

Question 8

Arcuate fasiculus

Answer 8

Axons connecting Broca’s an Wernicke’s areas

Question 9

Motor cortex

Answer 9

Frontal lobe, motor control of mouth and lips

Question 10

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 10

Fluent speech but poor comprehension of language

Question 11

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 11

Speech is non-fluent, agrammatical, but can understand language

Question 12

Conduction Aphasia

Answer 12

Lesion of arcuate fasiculus -> both expression and comprehension remain intact, but with an impairment to repeat words

Question 13

Wernicke-Deschwind Model of Language: repeating a spoken word

Answer 13

Auditory cortex -> Wernicke’s Area -> Angular Gyrus -> Broca’s Area -> Motor Cortex

Question 14

Wernicke-Deschwind Model of Language: repeating a written word

Answer 14

Visual Cortex -> Wernicke’s Area -> Angular Gyrus -> Broca’s Area -> Motor CortexVisual cortex ->

Question 15

Dual-stream Model of language

Answer 15

Bi-directional transfer of information between ventral stream and dorsal stream

Question 16

ventral stream

Answer 16

processes speech signals for comprehension

largely bilaterally organized

Question 17

dorsal stream

Answer 17

maps acoustic speech signals to frontal lobe articulator networks for production

strongly left-hemisphere dominant

Question 18

A Universal language network

Answer 18

The language network in the brain shows similar properties across 45 languages. The language areas are lateralized to the left hemisphere, selective for language, and strongly functionally inter-connected.

Question 19

phonological development

Answer 19

the acquisition of knowledge about the sounds that distinguish meaning

Question 20

Semantic development

Answer 20

Learning the system for expressing meaning in a language

Question 21

Syntactic development

Answer 21

Learning the rules for combining words

Question 22

Pragmatic development

Answer 22

Acquiring knowledge of how language is used, including conversational conventions

Question 23

Structural Basis of Early Language Acquisition

Answer 23

Listening to speech activates extensive areas in the temporal lobe, with the activation strongly biased to the left hemisphere especially in infants

Question 24

Social Impact on Language Acquisition

Answer 24

Infants learn more easily from interactions with human beings speaking another language than from audiovisual exposure to the same language material

Question 25

The Critical Period for Language Acquisition

Answer 25

7 years

Question 26

Difference in brain region activation between adults and children

Answer 26

Different brain areas are active during language-based tasks between children and adults.

Question 27

Native and Second Languages

Answer 27

Second languages acquired in adulthood (‘late’ bilingual subjects) are spatially separated from
native languages (’early’ bilingual subjects) in the Broca’s area.

Question 28

The Neurobiology of Sign Language

Answer 28

The neural systems supporting signed and spoken language are very similar.

Question 29

Language and perception

Answer 29

• Russian speakers were faster to discriminate two colors when they fell into different linguistic
  categories in Russian
• Language and perception are two central cognitive systems that constantly interact and rely on
  each other.