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Module 7 > Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Language Acquisition Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Speech production involves:

A 
Respiration 
Vocal quality
Resonance - nasality
Prosody
Articulation
>Larynx
>Tongue
>Hard plate
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2
Q

At what age are all speech sounds developed?

A

Age 8 know all their speech sounds

- Children with SD progress at a slower rate and are still not fully intelligible at age 8

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3
Q

Pre-lexical activation

A

starts at Heschl’s Gyrus ==> temporal poles

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4
Q

Music is processed

A

bilaterally

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5
Q

speech production is activated

A

Bilaterally

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6
Q

Is there a straightforward pre-lexical pathway?

A

Speech was observed in posterior and ventral regions - not exclusively in anterior
Therefore there are multiple pre-lexical routes

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7
Q

Left inferior & middle Frontal Gyrus is associated with

A

It is Broca’s area

- Associated with word retrieval when articulation is controlled

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8
Q

Left anterior Insula cortex

A

Articulatory planning

AIC

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9
Q

Regions associated with Initiation and Execution

A

Left putamen
Pre-SMA
SMA

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10
Q

Regions associated with speech rather than general vocal sounds

A

Bilateral head of caudate

Bilateral Anterior cingulate

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11
Q

Brain regions associated with sentence comprehension of implausible sentences

A

Left & Right Pars Opercularis & Orbitalis

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12
Q

Brain regions associated with sentence comprehension of plausible sentences

Price 2010

A

Temporal and Parietal Regions

- there is an overlap between sentence production and comprehension

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13
Q

Articulator silent movements

A

bilateral activation of silent syllable repition - therefore ‘pure’ articulation
- unrelated to asymmetrical language production

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14
Q

2 networks for speech motor control/Articulatory Network

A

1) Preparation

2) Execution

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15
Q

sMA ==> IFG & AIC ==> Superior Cerebellum

A

Preparative Loop

iFG = Broca
AIC = Anterior Insula Cortex
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16
Q

Execution loop

8-9s

A

Motor Cortex ==> Thalamus & Putamen => Inferior Cerebellum

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17
Q

Preparative Loop

3-5s

A

SMA ==> iFG & AIC ==> Superior Cerebellum

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18
Q

Motor Cortex ==> Thalamus & Putamen ==> Inferior Cerebellum

A

Execution Loop

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19
Q

Dorsal Stream consists of:

A

Articulatory Network & Sensorimotor interface

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20
Q

What is FAT?

A

Frontal Aslant Tract

Connects iFG ==> Supp. Motor area ==> pre-SMA

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21
Q

What tract connects to Cranial Nerves V & XI

A

Corticobulbar tract

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22
Q

Cranial Nerves associated with Articulation

A

V - Trigeminal
XI - accessory cranial nerve
XII - Hypoglossal nerve
portion of VII - Facial Nerve

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23
Q

Assessments:

A

Children’s Speech Intelligibility Measure

  • 3-10 year
  • Articulation intelligibility

Goldman-Fristoe of Articulation

  • 2-21y
  • Articulation/phonological errors

Verbal Motor Production Assessment for children (VMPAC)

  • 3-12 years
  • neuromotor function
  • Sequencing of speech & non-speech (dysarthria vs. dyspraxia)

Non – standardised

  • SALT assessment of speech samples
  • Acoustic and instrumental assessments
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24
Q

Late talkers
Vowel errors
Precision and consistency of speech movements are impaired: Inconsistent errors

Study These Flashcards
A

Childhood Apraxia of Speech
A.k.a dyspraxia of speech

==> planning/programming

25
- Reduced diadochokinetic scores - Slower speech rate - Nasality - Reduced vocal quality
Dysarthria – neuromuscular => control/execution
26
Motor speech disorder – not otherwise specified
Speech, prosody and voice behaviour, not associated with apraxia/dysarthria
27
CAS Defined:
Childhood Apraxia of Speech 1-2% of children An idiopathic condition >Precision and consistency of speech movements are impaired >No neuromuscular deficits >Deficit in planning and programming movements for speech >Inconsistent errors on consonants and vowels >Lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions >Inappropriate prosody – overfocus on sequence?
28
Speech disorder caused by infarct (esp. left) or bilateral Corticobasal degeneration or Neurodegenerative disorders
Dysarthria
29
Left IFG/insular region infarct
Apraxia of Speech/Broca’s aphasia
30
Neurological Disorders associated with Speech disorders
Epilepsy Genetic metabollic Syndromic - no infarcts found - Normal MRI in 60%.
31
FOXP2 gene mutation
Abnormal Bilateral GM in: perisylvian & rolandic cortices, BG and cerebellum
32
Abnormal MRI in epilepsy
Rolandic/Perisylvian | - Disrupted speech planning/programming cortices MAY be at the root of epilepsy CAS – PM and Broca
33
Galactosaemia
``` Delayed/absent myelination in: - CC - Periventricular region - Deep WM anomolies & Cerebellar atrophy ```
34
No evidence of:
unilateral lesions = CAS | LH lesions being more associated than RH – all cases = bilateral
35
Neural Basis of Dyarthria
``` 27% metabolic 20% miscellaneous - Infantile CP 17% Syndromes 11% tumour 10% traumatic 7% epilepsy 5% infarcts 3% degenerative ```
36
Neural impact of Childhood dysarthria in Metabolic conditions
Bilateral WM changes & Hypomyelination & maybe ?Corticobulbar tract Gangliosidosis & Wilson’s diseases ->BG affected bilaterally
37
Syndromic Conditions associated with Childhood Dysarthria due to: Bilateral Perisylvian and Opercular cortices infarcts
either Acquired/migration Worster-dought Congenital Bilateral perisylvian Syndrome Bilateral opercular syndrome
38
Neural basis of Syndromic Conditions & Childhood Dysarthria associated with cerebellar (vermis) development
Joubert Syndrome Congenital non-progressive cerebellar ataxia Opsoclonus-myoclonus
39
Tumours & Childhood Dysarthria
-> Posterior Fossa Tumours Damage to: - Vermis, paravermis, lateral hemipsheres - Fasigial and interposed nuclei
40
Type of Epilepsy most associated with speech disorder
Rolandic Epilepsy
41
Infarcts associated with Dysarthria
= multifocal infarcts in brainstem and thalamus LH reporting bias Report during acute phase AND 1 study found resolution after a few months
42
Neurodegenerative & Dysarthria
BG dysfunction | - however overall inconclusive
43
Brain changes most associated with Dysarthria:
Bilateral: Cerebellum Brainsteam cortex Severity of speech disorder location of brain changes
44
Aetiology of Childhood VS. Adult Dysarthria
Aetiology: Infarcts rare Neurodegenerative rare
45
Neurology of Childhood Vs Adult Dysarthria
- Bilateral | - No LH dominance – plasticity? Or general non-dominance?
46
Motor Hemispherectomy outcomes:
Dense hemiplegia | No fine or finger hand movement
47
Motor Speech Hemispherectomy outcomes:
- Motor speech - Good conversational outcome - Few particular errors - No different in LH/RH group - All have mild-moderate dysarthria - Verbal and non-verbal sequencing diff. – ‘dyspraxic’ Language – some preserved vocabulary
48
Neurological Vulnerability of Prems
Reduced cortical grey matter Reduced total white matter Brain injury detectable at birth Common outcome: ==> Speech and language difficulties ==> Motor limitations
49
Phonological awareness difficulties & Oromotor difficulties were seen in...
Adolescents that were born prem
50
Neurological underpinning of speech diffiuclities in Prems
Posterior limb of IC - Corticospinal - Corticobulbar BUT - no neurological findings
51
Severe Verbal Dyspraxia & Spastic Dysarthria
KE Family
52
Mormophological abnormalities underpinned by...
Subtle bilateral pathology Less Grey Matter >Caudate nucleus >Inferior frontal gyrus Covert language organisation is atypical Overt non-word repetition is underactive
53
TBI & Dysarthria | ==>Neural Correlates
- Increase activation in left motor speech regions Speech characteristic score = Left dorsal track (FA/RD) and right ventral track (volume) Facial Oromotor Control Scores = Left dorsal track (FA/RD) & right ventral track (volume)
54
Better speech outcomes following TBI were associated with:
Increased recruitment of Broca’s area | ->use Broca’s area for compensation
55
Dysarthria in the TBI+ group characterised by:
-  Articulation: imprecise consonants and vowels - Prosody: reduced rate of speech -  Resonance: hypernasal speech -  Phonation: hoarse and breathy voice quality -  Respiration: forced respiration with audible inspiration
56
Better outcomes associated with:
Unilateral/hemispheroctomy = better outcomes
57
Language network organisation
Brain organisation may be ‘atypical’ in language tasks
58
Speech disorders mainly underpinned by...
WM = motor speech disorders

Module 7 (13 decks)

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