language and gender Flashcards
linguists and thier case studies (11 cards)
what was Robin Lakoff’s 1975 case study
The defecit model
women used less expletives
clear enunciation
empty adjectives
used hedges
spoke less frequently
what was Otto Jesperson’s 1922 case study
the defecit model. the idea that language was in decline (defecit)
women were:
very expressive
half finished sentences
indirect expressions
languid and insipid (soft and slow)
men were:
less expressive and more fluent in speech
there is a central field of language. men are on the outside of the archer board as they use all language and women are on the middle inside of the board as they use limited and not many words.
“books written by women would be easier to read as there wouldnt be as many words”
what was Pamela fishermans 1983 study
The dominance Model
women used tag questions 4 more times than the men
men spoke 2x as much as the women
“women do all the covosational shitwork”
she listened to 52 hours worth of couples between mixed sex convosations.
What was zimmerman and west’s 1975 case study
the dominance model:
women interupted after every 25th syllable of someone talking whereas men interupted women every 12th syllable
interuption is a way of “doing power” in a face to face interaction.
90% of convosation ingluded uncooperative interactive feautures including interuptions and over laps.
what where Obarr and Atkins (1980) defecit model findings
women who used the lowest frequency of “women’s language” had a high status
they were educated with a middle class background
a pattern was noticed that the men also spoke with a low frequency of “womens language traits”.
what was Deborah Tannen’s 1990 case study
the difference model:
the idea that men and women speak differently because they are inherritantly different and have different styles of communication.
report vs rapport talk
status vs support
information vs feelings
independence vs intimacy
advice vs undertanding
orders vs proposals
conflicts vs compromise
what was jane pilkingtons 1992 study
the bakery study:
women would agree frequently, share anecdotes and finish eacothers sentences
men would often mocked one another, displayed verbal sparing and tollerated longer pauses during convosations.
what was deborah camerons 2008 study
the diversity study:
re-evaluates tannens study and says men and women arent different, they are just taught by society to use language differently from one another.
what was judith butlers case study
Gender performity:
gender is something that people perform because of societys views and what society teach us.
Dani hefferman 2015 on gender pronouns
why would we want to or need to know a gender
they advocate for gender neutral pronouns to prevent face threatening acts.
NEOPRONOUNS go beyond masculine and feminine pronouns
Denis Barron on gender pronouns
neo pronouns are a step towards a society where people can fully express all parts of themselfs.
