Language and Occupation

Question 1

Drew and Heritage:

Answer 1

• we expect to be spoken in different ways by different occupational groups

Question 2

Howard Giles:

Answer 2

• we can converge our language to help a customer understand and not threaten them with jargon

Question 3

John Swales:

Answer 3

discourse communities:
- language used by people in the same field who share the same goals and specialist lexis

Question 4

Brown and Levison: The Face Theory

Answer 4

• positive face: forming bonds, first name terms
• negative face: maintaining distance, getting ur views across unimpended

Question 5

Fairclough:

Answer 5

• people in power decide what is correct and appropriate in conversation

Question 6

three types of occupational lexis:

Answer 6

• restricted occupational lexis: (sometimes referred to as jargon)
• specialist lexis
• everyday lexis (idioms/metaphors)

Question 7

Almut Koester: The Language Work (2004)

Answer 7

• emphasises the importance of interpersonal relationships as to achieve Swales’ and Drew & Heritage, ‘goals ’with features of:
• play
• banter
• phatic speech

Question 8

Criticisms of John Swales: (2011)

Answer 8

• as imprecise and in accurate by emphasising ‘uniformity, symmetrical reactions and co operation’

Question 9

Drew and Heritage: Talk at Work (1992)

Answer 9

• identified some key differences between everyday conversation and workplace, or what they call institutional talk.

Question 10

continuation: (Drew & Heritage)

Answer 10

1 - goal orientation: participants usually focus on specific goals

2 - turn-taking rules or restrictions: in some professional contexts, specific turn taking may operate without special rules being placed

3 - allowable contributions: restrictions on what participants may say ‘allowable’ contribution

4 - professional lexis: reflected in lexical choices i.e specialist or vocab used by speaker

5 - structure: workplace and professional interactions may be structured in specific ways

6 - asymmetry: workplace & professional interactions are often asymmetrical = more power or special knowledge

Question 11

Paul Grice: Grices Maxims : Co operation principle

Answer 11

4 maxims:
- quality: not giving too much info
- quantity: be truthful
- relevance: stick to the topic
- manner: clear when speaking

Question 12

Brown and Levison: positive theory

Answer 12

• positive face: be polite
• negative face: give people freedom of speech
• face: is how you’re presented/ self image

Question 13

Norman Fairclough: Critical discourse analysis

Answer 13

• people in power get to decide what is correct and appropriate in conversations
• power in discourse
• shows hierarchy behind communications
• synthetic personalisation : a fake person

Question 14

3 types of occupational lexis:

Answer 14

• restricted occupational lexis (jargon)
• specialist lexis
• everyday language

Question 15

examples of negative face:

Answer 15

• giving an order
• giving a request
• giving a reminder
• giving a threat

Question 16

examples of positive face:

Answer 16

• compliment
• congratulate
• agree with something to say

Question 17

4 types of politeness strategies:

Answer 17

• bald on-record: used in urgency
• off-record (indirect): face threatening act
• positive politeness: finding common ground, telling jokes etc.
• negative politeness: aim to avoid of indirectness, using questions instead of commands

Question 18

asymmetrical discourse:

Answer 18

• talk when one party has more power than the others

features:
- asking more questions
- controlling topic and speaking most
- controlling who speaks and when