Spontaneous Speech + Accents and Dialects

Question 1

Bernstien’s Social Class Theory deficit hypothesis (1971)

Answer 1

• w/c use restricted code
• while m/c use elaborated code
• ec is more syntactically complex and has explicit detail
• rc is colloquial
• ec is direct and does not need external context to be understood
• rc does need external context
• hypothesised that working class children lack success
  due to failure

to acquire the lang of
formal education

Question 2

Jenny Cheshire: Reading Study (1982)

Answer 2

• non-standard forms/verb form
• ‘tough local adolescents’
• study of the linguistic behaviour of the speech of a number of adolescents in adventure playgrounds
• use language to forge a social identity
• results: non-standard forms: 55%, formal speech: 25%
• sound change that women tend to standard ‘prestige’ pronunciations
• more than the locals subculture which required youngsters to be ‘tough’

Question 3

Milroy: Language Variation and Social Network (Belfast)

Answer 3

key terms:
- multiplex
- uniplex
- dense

key findings:
- Ballymacarett
- Hammer
- Clonard

Question 4

continuation: Milroy

Answer 4

• an area of high male employment
• women were force to find work outside of the immediate community
• an area of high male unemployment
• a catholic community in a protestant area
• high male unemployment but more female employment
• strong adherence to the non-standard forms
• hammer and clonard have low non-standard forms for men due to employment of men
• clonard: low status community. women have highest non-standard features due to social exclusion
• women in all three communities had lower use of non/standard forms than men. they began to losses, more uniplex social networks

Question 5

Peter Trudgill: Stratification (-ing) study (1974)

Answer 5

• stratification: the arrangement or classification of something into different groups
• dropping the ‘g’ in Norwich
• five different social class’ 60 subjects
  -lower m/c most likely to drop ‘g’ but more careful with speech
• women are more oriented towards high ‘prestige’ supposed linguists forms
• increase in non-standard forms in informal styles

Question 6

spoken language features: spontaneous speech

Answer 6

1. interruptions
2. interventions
3. overlaps
4. false starts
5. hesitations
6. fillers
7. hedges
8. disgressions
9. deletion/ellipsis
10. phatic speech

Question 7

spontaneous speech continuation:

Answer 7

11. repetitions
12. incompleteness
13. replacement of words
14. nicknames and address terms
15. courtesy items
16. abbreviations
17. contractions
    18.slang
18. diexis

Question 8

Paul Grice (1975) - The Cooperation Principle

Answer 8

• quality: speak the truth
• quantity: not too informative
• manner: be clear
• relevance: stick to the topic

Question 9

Labov: Martha’s Vineyard

Answer 9

• investigate ‘au’ and ‘ai’
• 69 people of different ages, ethnicity and social groups
• those who wanted to be identified as natives used by centralised pronunciations and diphthongs

Question 10

Labov: Language In The Inner City (1972)

Answer 10

• 3 stores in NYC
• asks questions on where something is and they replied 4th floor every time
• acts like he didn’t hear and asks to repeat
• the speech stops becoming spontaneous and more conscious