Language Development Flashcards
The ______________ attributes language acquisition to biological mechanisms and stresses universal patterns of language development.
Nativist approach.
_______________ (1968) proposes that an innate language acquisition device (LAD) makes it possible for people to acquire language just by being exposed to it.
Chomsky.
Support from the LAD comes from two observations:
- Children master the basics of language between the ages of ___ and ___ regardless of the complexity of their native language
- Children from all cultures pass through the same stages of language development
4 and 6.
The _________________ proposes that language is acquired like any other behavior - through imitation and reinforcement.
Behaviorist approach.
________________ regard language development to be attributable to a combination of biological and environmental factors.
Interactionists.
In some cultures, adults seem to naturally use _____________ speech (a.k.a “motherese”), characterized by slower pace, use of shorter/simpler sentences, exaggeration/repetition of the most important words, and frequent questions.
Child-directed speech.
An adult is responding with an _________________ when he or she adds to the child’s statement but retains the child’s word order.
Expansion.
An adult is responding with an __________________ when he or she adds information to the child’s statement (e.g., when a child says “Mommy bye-bye,” the father replies, “Yes, Mommy is going to work now.”
Extension.
_______________________ refers to a child’s use of his or her knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their syntactical (grammatical) category.
Semantic bootstrapping.
____________________ refers to a child’s use of syntactical knowledge ot learn the meaning of new words.
Syntactical bootstrapping.
_________________ refers to using the prosody (pitch, rhythm, etc.) of an utterance to make inferences about syntax.
Prosodic bootstrapping.
___________________ refers to using knowledge about morphemes to deduce the syntax or meaning of a word - e.g., deducing that a word is an action word (verb) because it ends in “ing.”
Morphological bootstrapping.
__________________ refers to the organization of words, phrases, and sentences.
Surface structure.
_________________ refers to the underlying meaning of sentences.
Deep structure.
According to Chomsky’s notion of transformational grammar, speaking involves transforming ______ structure into ________ structure, while listening entails transforming ____________ structure into its ________ structure.
- Deep
- Surface
- Surface
- Deep
_______________ are the smallest units of sound that are understood in a language. The English language has ___ of these.
- Phonemes
- 45
_______________ are the smalles units of sound that convey meaning.
Morphemes.
Children of all cultures progress through these 8 stages of language acquisition:
- Crying
- _________________
- Echolalia and Expressive Jargon
- _____________
- Telegraphic Speech
- ____________ Growth
- ____________ Correct Sentences
- Metalinguistic Awareness
- Cooing and Babbling
- First Words
- Vocabulary
- Grammatically
Infants initially produce 3 patterns of crying; by 1-2 months they exhibit a 4th (fussy) cry. What are the initial 3 patterns of crying?
- Basic (hunger) cry
- Anger cry
- Pain cry
The most common (and successful) response of a mother to her infant’s cries is to:
Raise and hold the child upright on her shoulder to provide close physical contact.
Beginning at ___ to ___ weeks, infants produce simple cooing sounds (consisting mainly of vowels) when happy/contented.
6 to 8 weeks.
By about ___ months of age, infants begin babbling, which involves the repetition of simple consonant and vowel sounds.
4 months.
Between ___ and ___ months of age, babies narrow their babbling repertoire of sounds to those of their native language.
9 to 14 months.
Beginning at about ___ months of age, children imitate adult speech sounds and words without an understanding of their meaning (echolalia). This is followed by expressive jargon, which involves vocalizations that sound like sentences but have no meaning.
9 months.
