language development Flashcards
1
Q
what is a morpheme
A
smallest meaningful unit of a language
2
Q
what is a base, root, or free morpheme
A
words with meaning that cannot be broken down into smaller parts
3
Q
what are bound morphemes
A
cannot convey meaning by themselves
4
Q
what are derivational morphemes
A
prefixes and suffixes that change the whole class of the word ex. Happy + ily change word from adjective to adverb
5
Q
what are inflectional morphems
A
suffixes only that change the state or increase such as plurals
6
Q
what are passive sentences
A
where subject receives the action ex the cat was petted
7
Q
what are active sentences
A
where subject performs the action ex. He patted the cat
8
Q
what is a clause
A
a subject and a predicate which contains a verb that states something about the subject
9
Q
what is a compound sentence
A
2 or more independent clauses joined by a comma and conjunction or by a semicolon
10
Q
what is an independent or main clause
A
has a subject and predicate and can stand alone
11
Q
what is a complex sentence
A
contains an independent clause or a dependent
ex. I will drive my car to Reno (Ind) if I have enough gas (dep)
12
Q
what is fast mapping
A
ability to learn a new word after a few exposures
13
Q
what is the age range for variegated babbling
A
9 months
14
Q
when does object permanence emerge
A
7-9 months
15
Q
what is canonical babbling
A
repeated syllables of consonant and vowels ma ma ma
16
Q
what is perlocutionary behavior
A
the signals have an unintended effect on the listener. They lack intent
17
Q
what is illocutionary behavior
A
signals that carry out some action such as pointing and laughing
18
Q
what is locutionary stage
A
start of word use
19
Q
what is the holophrastic stage
A
when child uses one word phrase to prepresent a complex idea. Between 12-18 months
20
Q
how many words by 18 months
A
50
they begin to put 2 words together
21
Q
how many words by2
A
200-300
22
Q
how many words by 2.5
A
2.400
23
Q
how may words by 3
A
3600
24
Q
what morphemes are mastered between 19 to 33 months
A
- present progressive ing
- preposition in and on
- regular plural
25
what morphemes are mastered between 25-46 months
1. irregular past tense
2. possessive s daddy's
3. uncontractible copula Here it is
26
what morphemes are mastered between 28-46 months
1. articles a and the
2. regular past tense
3. regular third person s Daddy cooks
27
what morphemes are mastered between 28-50 months
1. irregular third person does has
2. uncontractible auxiliary she was working
3. contractible copula he's nice
4. contractile auxiliary Mom's coming
28
when does a child use complex sentences
3-4
29
what plays an important role in language to a behavioral theroist
environment and social interactions
30
what treatment would a behavioral theorist use
modeling correct response and reinforcing correct production
31
who was a behaviorist
Skinner
32
what is the nativist theory
1. universal rules of grammar that apply to all languages
2. children born with a language acquisition device
3. knowledge to acquire language is present at birth
4. transformational generative theory of grmmar
5. therapy heavily on syntax
33
who was a nativist
Noam Chomsky
34
what is the cognitive theory
1. child must first acquire concpts before producing words
2. cognitive abilities essential prerequisites to language skill
3. children pass through each stage in order but at different rates
4. language is not innate or learned but emerges as a result of cognitive growth
35
who was a cognitive theorist
Piaget
36
what are piagts stages
1. sensorimotor 0-2 years. object permanence
2. preoperational: 2-7;
3. concrete operations: 7-11
4. formal operations: 11+
37
what happens during the preoperational stage
1. preconceptual 2-4: child is egocentric, over and under extends word meanings
2. intuitive 4-7: perception guide thoughts
38
what happens during concrete operations
1. child less egocentric
2. acquires conversation skills
3. logical causality
4. effective classification
39
what happens during formal operations
1. think and speak in abstract
2. use inductive and deductive thought process
3. make if then statements
4. use hypothetical reasoning
40
what characterizes an auditory processing disorder
difficulty remembering long and complex directions
2. repeating sentences verbatim
3. repeating nonsense words
41
what is the social interactionism theory
language arises from social communication function
42
who was a social interactism theorist
Vygotsky
43
at what age do babies begin to understand 1 or 2 words
7 months
44
what are the 5 learning processes
1. organization
2. adaptation
3. assimilation
4. accommodation
5. equilibrium
45
what is adaptation
1. adjusting to change
| 2. consists of assimilation and accommodation
46
what is assimilation
existing schemes incorporate external stimuli
47
what is accommodation
the scheme must be modified to conform to incoming info
48
what is equilibrium
state of cognitive balance between incoming stimuli and child's cognitive structures
49
what are the phases of joint reference
phase I: mastery of joint attention (0-6 months)
phase II: beginning of intentional communication (6-8 mo)
infant looks at mother while reaching. Mother changes from discussing feelings to discussing actions
phase III: (8-12 mo) Infant points and vocalizes, mother comments
phase IV: (12+) child masters naming, begins to drop gestures; locutionary stage
50
what is a phonological loop
part of working memory that deals spoken and written material
51
what are phonotactic regularities
help mark word boundaries
52
what are phonotactic probabilities
likelihood that certain sounds, sound sequences,and syllables will occur
53
what is the function of the supramarginal gyrus
phonological and articulatory processing
54
what is the function of the angular gyrus
semantic processing
55
what are the 4 steps of information processing
1. attention: awareness
2. discrimination: identify differences, use working, phonological and semantic memory
3. organization: organized for later retrieval, chunking, categorizing
4. memory: info is coded, organized, stored
5. transfer: applied to new situation
56
when does a newborn lose the ability to detect phoneme contrasts in all languages
10 months
57
what are phonetically consistent forms
speech sounds that function as words
58
what is the sequence of wh question development
```
what
where
who
when
why
```
59
what is semantic bootstrapping
analyze syntax based on previously learned semantic structures
60
what is syntactic bootstrapping
syntactic structures can be used to deduce word meaning
61
what are 3 common types of prompts for a child's language development
1. fill-ins: "this is a ..."
2. elicited imitations
3. questions: do you want the green ball or the blue ball
62
what is an extension
semantically related comment or reply on a topic established by the child
63
what is the sequence of developing words that express temporal relations
1. words of order: after, before
2. words of duration: since, until
3. words of simultaneity: while
64
what are deictic terms
used to direct attention, make spatial contrasts, denote times or participants in a conversation from the speaker's point of view
2. first use that and there to direct attention
3. later use this, here
65
what are the types of narratives
1. scripts: used to express knowledge of a familiar event
2. recounts: telling about a personal experience when prompted
3. accounts: telling about a personal experientce without prompt
4. event casts: explaining an ongoing activity
5. fictional story
66
what is a typical narrative for a 2 y/o
scripts for familiar events and sequences
67
what is a protonarritive
talks about things that have happened to them
68
what is centering
linking to form a story nucleus
69
what is chaining
sequence of events that share attributes and lead from one to another
2. temporal chains appear at 3
3. causal chains appear by 5
70
what is the sequence of narrative development
1. heaps (centering) 2 yrs: child relates a collection of unrelated ideas without cohesive devices.
2. sequences (centering) 2-3 yrs: child begins to arbitrarily link story elements together. The organization is additive not temporal
3. primitive temporal narratives (3-4): contains a central character, topic, or setting without cause and effect. Includes sound, movement, performance
4. unfocused chain (4-5) first level of chaining: events linked logically with a cause-effect. Conjunctions may be used
5. focused temporal or causal chains 5 yrs: central character and logical sequence of events
71
when do the first prepositions appear
in and on appear around 2 years
| under by 3
72
what is the order of acquisition of Brown's morphemes
1. present progresive ing: 19-28 months 1;7 to 2;4
2. In: 27-30 months 2;3 to 2;6
3. On: 27-30 months
4. regular plural s: 24-33 months 2;0-2;9
5. irregular past tense: 25-46 months: 2;1-3;10
6. 's possessive: 26-40 months; 2;2 - 3:4
7. uncontractable copula: 27-39 months: 2;3 - 3;3
8. articles a and the: 28-46 months: 2;4 - 3;10
9. regular past tense: 26-48 months: 2;2 - 4;0
10. s regular 3rd person verb: he eats: 26-48 months
11. has, does: irregular 3rd person verb: 28-50 monts
12. uncontractible auxiliary: 29-48 months
13: contrctible copula: 29-49 monts
14. contractible auxiliary: 30-50 months
73
how many words does an 18 month old have
50
