Last Flashcards
(Refer to figure 20.) En route to First Flight Airport (area 5), your flight passes over Hampton Roads Airport (area 2) at 1456 and then over Chesapeake Municipal at 1501. At what time should your flight arrive at First Flight?
1526.
Measure the distance from Hampton Roads to Chesapeake at 10 NM and from there to First Flight at 50 NM. It takes 5 minutes to go 10 miles (1501-1456 = 5). Use a flight computer to determine it takes 25 minutes for 50. Add 1501+25 = 1526.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
TRSA Service in the terminal radar program provides
sequencing and separation for participating VFR aircraft.
Pilots operating under VFR are encouraged to contact the radar approach control and avail themselves of the TRSA Services. However, participation is voluntary on the part of the pilot.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-5
(Refer to Figure 26, area1.) What might you expect when flying in an MOA such as Devils Lake.
Air combat tactics, air intercepts, aerobatics, formation training, and low−altitude tactics.
Examples of activities conducted in MOAs include, but are not limited to: air combat tactics, air intercepts, aerobatics, formation training, and low−altitude tactics.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 3
(Refer to Figure 21, area 1.) What is the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) for Minot International (MOT)?
118.2 MHZ.
The solid circle with the letter “C” in it indicates the CTAF.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 21.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from Mercer County Regional Airport (area 3) to Minot International (area 1). The wind is from 330° at 25 knots, the true airspeed is 100 knots, and the magnetic variation is 10° east.
352°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from Mercer Co. to Minot International as 11°. Use a flight computer to find the true heading of 2°. Variation is 10°E. Subtract the easterly variation. 2°-10° = 351.5° Round to 352°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 24.) What is the approximate position of the aircraft if the VOR receivers indicate the 245° radial of Sulphur Springs VOR-DME (area 5) and the 144° radial of Bonham VORTAC (area 3)?
Glenmar Airport.
Extend a 245° radial line from Sulphur Springs VOR and a 144° radial line from Bonham VORTAC. Where they intersect find Glenmar Airport.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 26, area 2.) What hazards to aircraft may exist in areas, such as Devils Lake East MOA?
Military training activities that necessitate acrobatic or abrupt flight maneuvers.
Some hazards possible in an MOA might be, air combat tactics, air intercepts, aerobatics, formation training, and low-altitude tactics.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-4
(Refer to figure 24, area 2.) What minimum altitude is necessary to vertically clear the obstacle on the southeast side of Winnsboro Airport by 500 feet?
1,403 feet MSL.
The obstacle on the southeast side of Winnsboro Airport is 903’ MSL. A minimum altitude of 1,403’ MSL would be necessary to clear this by 500’.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 23.) What is the estimated time en route for a flight from Allendale County Airport (area 1) to Claxton-Evans County Airport (area 2)? The wind is from 100° at 18 knots and the true airspeed is 115 knots. Add 2 minutes for climb-out.
30 minutes.
With a plotter, measure the distance and the true course from Allendale to Claxton as 55 NM and 212°. With a flight computer, calculate the groundspeed as 121 knots and time en route as 27.5 min. Add 2 min. for climb-out. Round 29.5 min. to 30 min.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
The FAA regulations have established specific cruising altitudes for VFR flights at more than 3,000 feet above the surface.
On a magnetic course of 0° through 179°, odd altitudes plus 500 feet – 3,500, 5,500, 7,500.
0° to 179°—Odd thousands MSL, plus 500 feet (3,500; 5,500; 7,500, etc.)—More than 3,000 feet above the surface but below 18,000 feet MSL
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 3
043°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from Claxton to Hampton as 44°. Use a flight computer to find the true heading of 40°. Add variation of 6°W. 40°+6° = 46°. Interpolate between -3° and -4° on compass card as -3.5. 46-3.5 = 42.5. Round to 43°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 20.) What is your approximate position on low altitude airway Victor 1, southwest of Norfolk (area 1), if the VOR receiver indicates you are on the 340° radial of Elizabeth City VOR (area 3)?
18 nautical miles from Norfolk VORTAC.
Determine the point where the 340° radial of the Elizabeth City VOR (ECG) intersects V1. This is near the top of the Norfolk Approach contact box. Measure the distance from the intersecting point of ECG VOR and V1 to Norfolk as 18 NM.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 28, illustration 6.) The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What is the aircraft’s position relative to the station?
West.
The VOR receiver has the OBS tuned to a course of 210° FROM the VOR. This positions the aircraft somewhere southwest of the VOR. With a left needle deflection, the aircraft is slightly to the right of the course, or west/southwest of the VOR station.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
Chart Supplements U.S. (formerly Airport Facility Directory).
Information about glider operations is contained in the remarks about the airport in the Chart Supplements U.S.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-5
(Refer to figure 25, area 7.) The airspace overlying Mc Kinney (TKI) is controlled from the surface to
2,900 feet MSL.
The airspace directly overlying Mc Kinney (TKI) is controlled from the surface to 2,900’ MSL. This is Class D airspace as indicated by the blue dashed lines and the 29 in the blue dashed box.
Sectional Legend
Which resource should you use to ensure you are arriving at the correct airport and runway?
Chart Supplement and Airport Diagrams.
For specific information about an unfamiliar airport, consult the Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory). The Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory) provides the most comprehensive information on a given airport.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 14
(Refer to figure 20, area 2.) The elevation of the Chesapeake Regional Airport is
19 feet.
The airport elevation indicated is 19’.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 25.) What is the estimated time en route for a flight from Denton Muni (area 1) to Addison (area 2)? The wind is from 200° at 20 knots, the true airspeed is 110 knots, and the magnetic variation is 7° east.
13 minutes.
With a plotter, measure the distance and the true course from Denton to Addison as 22.5 NM and 128°. Use a flight computer to calculate a groundspeed of 102 knots and time en route of 13.25 min. Round to 13 min.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to Figure 68.) On the wind triangle, the line from point C to A represents:
Wind direction and velocity.
On the wind triangle, the short line from C to A represents the wind direction and speed of the wind.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 21.) The terrain elevation of the light tan area between Minot (area 1) and Audubon Lake (area 2) varies from
2,000 feet to 2,500 feet MSL.
The light tan area indicates elevations of about 2-2,200’. The highest spot elevation shown is 2,205’. Additional elevation information can be derived by subtracting AGL tower heights from the MSL heights and via airport elevations. None exceed 2,500’ MSL.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 20, area 1.) The NALF Fentress (NFE) Airport is in what type of airspace?
Class E.
There is a magenta dashed line around NFE indicating it is in Class E airspace to the surface.
AERO_CHART_GUIDE_HREF
You are flying on an easterly course. If the wind is from the northeast, you must crab the airplane:
Somewhat to the north of east to counteract drift.
You must establish a wind correction angle (crab) that counteracts wind drift and maintains the desired course. To do this you would have to crab into the wind to the north of east.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to Figure 24, area 5.) The navigation facility at Sulphur Springs (SLR) is a:
VOR/DME.
Check the Sectional Aeronautical Chart Legend. The symbol in the center of Sulphur Springs navigational facility indicates a VOR/DME.
Sectional Legend
If Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) capability is lost in-flight,
The pilot has no assurance of the accuracy of the GPS position.
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) is the capability of a GPS receiver to perform integrity monitoring on itself by ensuring available satellite signals meet the integrity requirements for a given phase of flight. Without RAIM, the pilot has no assurance of the GPS position integrity.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 1-1
(Refer to figure 20, area 1.) What type of airspace surrounds NALF Fentress (NFE) Airport?
Class E.
A dashed magenta line indicates Class E airspace. NFE is circled by a dashed magenta line.
Sectional Legend
In order to check your progress when using dead reckoning with no radio instrumentation, make corrections by:
Using pilotage and keep track of your checkpoints.
Except for flights over water, dead reckoning is usually used with pilotage for cross-country flying. The heading and GS, as calculated, is constantly monitored and corrected by pilotage as observed from checkpoints.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
A VOR test facility—VOT—transmits a:
360 degree radial in all directions.
The FAA VOR test facility (VOT) transmits a test signal, 360 degree radial, in all directions which provides users a convenient means to determine the operational status and accuracy of a VOR receiver while on the ground where a VOT is located.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 1
Responsibility for collision avoidance in an alert area rests with
all pilots.
In an alert area, pilots of participating aircraft as well as pilots transiting the area shall be equally responsible for collision avoidance.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-4
If you are on a cross-country flight, to keep from losing your course you should:
Refer to selected ground features and checkpoints.
Pilotage, navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints, can be used correct dead reckoning errors and maintain your course.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
Uncontrolled airspace is Class G airspace. To operate in Class G airspace, the day visibility requirement for flight above 1,200 feet AGL and below 10,000 feet MSL is:
1 mile.
Class G—More than 1,200 feet but less than 10,000 feet MSL—Day, 1 statute mile visibility.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 3
(Refer to figure 24.) On what course should the VOR receiver (OBS) be set in order to navigate direct from Majors Airport (area 1) to the Quitman VOR (area 2)?
101°.
Majors is on the 281° radial of Quitman VOR. The reciprocal of 281° is 101° TO the VOR. 281-180 = 101.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 23.) What is the estimated time en route for a flight from Claxton-Evans County Airport (area 2) to Hampton Varnville Airport (area 1)? The wind is from 290° at 18 knots and the true airspeed is 85 knots. Add 2 minutes for climb-out.
39 minutes.
With a plotter, measure the distance and the true course from Claxton to Hampton as 56 NM and 44°. With a flight computer, calculate the groundspeed as 91 knots and time en route as 37 min. Add 2 min. for climb-out to find 39 min.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 25.) At which airports is fixed-wing Special VFR not authorized?
Dallas-Fort Worth International and Dallas Love Field.
Just above the name of each of these airports is an indication of “NO SVFR”. This means that fixed-wing Special VFR is not authorized.
Sectional Legend
In order to find pictorial explanations of airport signs and markings, which publication would you consult?
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
AIM Chapter 2, Section 3, covers Airport Marking Aids and Signs and includes pictures with explanations. The Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge is another source of information.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 2-3
In order to determine your distance flown, you would multiply time by:
Groundspeed.
The formula for distance is D=GSxT. Therefore you multiply time by groundspeed to determine distance.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 24, area 1.) What minimum altitude is necessary to vertically clear the obstacle on the northeast side of Airpark East Airport by 500 feet?
1,273 feet MSL.
The obstacle on the northeast side of Airpark East Airport is 773’ MSL. A minimum altitude of 1,273’ MSL would be necessary to clear this by 500’.
Sectional Legend
What information is contained in the Notices to Airman Publication (NTAP)?
Current NOTAM (D) and FDC NOTAMs.
There are two types of NOTAMS, “D” - distant, and “FDC” - Flight Data Center. The NTAP - Notices to Airman Publications - includes “D” and “FDC”.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 5-1
Why is it a good idea to file a VFR flight plan with FSS?
To provide search and rescue in the event of an emergency.
Filing a flight plan is not required by regulations; however, it is a good operating practice since the information contained in the flight plan can be used in search and rescue in the event of an emergency.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to Figure 26, area 1.) What type of airspace is over Tomlinson Airport.
Class G airspace—surface up to but not including 1,200 feet AGL, Class E airspace—1,200 feet AGL up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL.
Look closely at the bottom left side of the chart and you’ll see a blue, shaded depiction airspace depiction, with a hard edge on the inside and a feathered edge on the outside. Tomlinson airport is on the feathered side of this depiction, indicating Class G airspace exists from the surface up to but not including 1,200 feet AGL. Class E airspace extends above the Class G from 1,200 to 17,999 feet MSL.
Sectional Legend
A non-tower satellite airport, within the same Class D airspace as that designated for the primary airport, requires radio communications be established and maintained with the
primary airport’s control tower.
Departures from a satellite airport without an operating control tower must establish two-way radio communication with the controlling ATC facility.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-2
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15
(Refer to figure 22.) What is the magnetic heading for a flight from Priest River Airport (area 1) to Shoshone County Airport (area 3)? The wind is from 030° at 12 knots, and the true airspeed is 95 knots.
121°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from Priest River to Shoshone as 143°. Use a flight computer to find the true heading of 136°. Subtract the variation of 14°30’E. 136°-14°30’ = 121.5.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 20.) Determine the magnetic course from First Flight Airport (area 5) to Hampton Roads Airport (area 2).
332°.
Measure the course from First Flight to Hampton Roads using a plotter. The true course is 321°. The magenta dashed line represents a variation of 11° W. Using the mnemonic “west is best”, add 321 + 11 = 332°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to Figure 75.) Find Gila Bend AF AUX Airport (GXF) in area 6. What class of airspace is it in?
D.
An airport surrounded by a blue dashed line is in Class D airspace.
Sectional Legend
Under what condition may an aircraft operate from a satellite airport within Class C airspace?
The pilot must contact ATC as soon as practicable after takeoff.
Departing from a satellite airport without a control tower, the pilot must be in two-way radio communications with ATC as soon as practicable after departure.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-2
FAR 91.130
(Refer to figure 25, area 5.) The VOR is tuned to the Maverick VOR/DME. The omnibearing selector (OBS) is set on 253°, with a TO indication, and a right course deviation indicator (CDI) deflection. What is the aircraft’s position from the VOR/DME?
East-northeast.
The general direction from the VOR/DME is the reciprocal of the 253° or 73° (253 - 180). This is northeast of the VOR/DME. The right deflection indicates the aircraft is left (south) of the 73° radial or east-northeast of the VOR/DME.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
A prohibited area is airspace designated under part 73 within which:
No person may operate an aircraft without the permission of the using agency.
A prohibited area is airspace designated under part 73 within which no person may operate an aircraft without the permission of the using agency.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Pilot Controller Glossary
(Refer to Figure 68.) On the wind triangle, the line from point C to B represents:
Groundspeed and true course.
The line from point C to B represents course and groundspeed.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
The radius of the procedural Outer Area of Class C airspace is normally:
20 NM.
The OUTER AREA associated with Class C airspace is not charted. The normal radius will be 20 nautical miles with some variations based on site-specific requirements.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Pilot Controller Glossary
(Refer to figure 21, area 2.) Which airport is located at approximately 47° 34 minutes 30 seconds N latitude and 100° 43 minutes 00 seconds W longitude?
Makeef.
Find the 101° meridian and count 17 tick marks eastward. This is 100°43’ W. Locate the 48° parallel and count to the south 25.5 tick marks along a line from the 100° 43’ position. This is 47°34’30”. The points converge at Makeeff.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 22.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from Sandpoint Airport (area 1) to St. Maries Airport (area 4). The wind is from 215° at 25 knots, and the true airspeed is 125 knots.
172°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from Sandpoint to St. Maries as 180°. Use a flight computer to find a true heading of 187°. Variation is 14°30’E. Subtract easterly variation. 187°-14°30’ = 172.5°, round to 172°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 24.) Estimate the time en route from Majors Airport (area 1) to Winnsboro Airport (area 2). The wind is from 340° at 12 knots and the true airspeed is 36 knots.
59 minutes.
With a plotter, measure the distance and the true course from Majors to Winnsboro as 41 NM and 101°. With a flight computer, calculate the groundspeed as 40.7 knots and the time en route as 60.5 min.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
Which description below accurately describes the colors used for airports on a Sectional Chart?
Airports with control towers are shown in blue.
Airports with Control Towers (CT) and their related data are shown in blue. All other airports and their related data are shown in magenta.
Sectional Legend
Given: 3 gal. of fuel/hr.—Cruise altitude 500ft.—Groundspeed 45mph. How much fuel will you need to travel 75SM?
5 gallons.
Use your electronic or E6-B calculator. Figure the total time of trip using time, speed and distance formula D/GS=T or 1:40 hrs. Now determine fuel for a flight at 1:40=5 gal.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 23.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from Allendale County Airport (area 1) to Claxton-Evans County Airport (area 2). The wind is from 090° at 16 knots, and the true airspeed is 90 knots. Magnetic Variation is 6°W.
209°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from Allendale to Claxton-Evans as 212°. Use a flight computer to find the true heading of 203°. Add variation of 6°W. 203°+6° = 209°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to Figure 22.) Weather information is available at the Coeur d’Alene (COE) Airport (area 2)
from AWOS 3 135.075.
To the right of COE note, in magenta, “AWOS-3 135.075”. AWOS stands for Automated Weather Observing System. The AWOS system incorporates a transmitter to broadcast weather data.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15
(Refer to Figure 69.) You are on a cross-country flight from Kingsville Airport (area 2) to Corpus Christi Intl. Airport (area 3). What minimum equipment will you need for the flight?
Two-way radio, Mode C transponder with altitude reporting equipment, and ADS-B Out.
Corpus Christi Intl. Airport is surrounded by a magenta circle indicating that it is in Class C airspace. The equipment requirement for Class C airspace is two-way radio, and unless otherwise authorized by ATC, an operable radar beacon transponder with automatic altitude reporting equipment, and ADS-B Out.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 3
FAR 91.225
FAR 91.215
Which is true concerning the blue and magenta colors used to depict airports on Sectional Aeronautical Charts?
Airports with control towers underlying Class B, C, D, and E airspace are shown in blue.
Airports having control towers are shown in blue. All others are in magenta. Control towers are found underlying Class B, C, D, and E airspace.
AERO_CHART_GUIDE_HREF
9.
Shawboro is on the Elizabeth City (ECG) VOR’s 30° radial. With ECG tuned in, and its 30° radial selected in the OBS, the CDI needle will center over Shawboro with a FROM indication. VOR #9 has a centered needle with 30° on the OBS and a FROM indication.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 23, area 3.) The top of the group obstruction approximately 11 nautical miles from the Savannah VORTAC on the 008° radial is
454 feet MSL.
The group of obstructions, labeled “stacks” are 454’ MSL.
Sectional Legend
FDC NOTAMS contain regulatory information, such as:
Temporary Flight Restrictions.
FDC NOTAMs are issued by the National Flight Data Center and contain information that is regulatory in nature pertaining to flight including, but not limited to, changes to charts, procedures, and airspace usage. Airspace usage may include Temporary Flight Restrictions.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 1
With certain exceptions, Class E airspace extends upward from either 700 feet or 1,200 feet AGL to, but does not include,
18,000 feet MSL.
Class E airspace has a vertical limit of up to but not including 18,000’.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-2
(Refer to figure 22, area 1.) The visibility and cloud clearance requirements to operate VFR during daylight hours over Sandpoint Airport at 1,200 feet AGL are
3 miles and 1,000 feet above, 500 feet below, and 2,000 feet horizontally from each cloud.
The magenta transition zone around the Sandpoint indicates that Class E airspace begins at 700’ AGL. 1,200’ AGL is within the Class E and would require 3 miles visibility and 1,000’ above, 500’ below, and 2,000’ horizontally from each cloud.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-1
FAR 91.155
(Refer to figure 51) What information should be entered in the Level field for Item 15 on the International Flight Plan form?
VFR cruising altitude.
You should specify the VFR cruising altitude in the Level field for Item 15.
ICAO Flight Plan Form and Instructions
(Refer to figure 24). Determine the magnetic course from Airpark East Airport (area 1) to Winnsboro Airport (area 2). Magnetic variation is 6°30’E.
075°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from Airpark East to Winnsboro as 82°. Subtract variation of 6.5°E. 82°-6.5° = 75.5°. 75° is the closest answer.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to Figure 68.) What does the line from point A to point B of the wind triangle represent?
True heading and airspeed.
The line from A to B on this wind triangle represents heading and airspeed.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 27.) An aircraft departs an airport in the central standard time zone at 0930 CST for a 2-hour flight to an airport located in the mountain standard time zone. The landing should be at what time?
1030 MST.
Convert the departure time to UTC by adding 6 hours. 0930 CST + 6 = 1530Z. Add the flight time of 2 hours to find the arrival time. 1530 + 2 hours = 1730Z. Convert the arrival time in UTC to MST by subtracting 7 hours. 1730 - 7 = 1030 MST.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 23.) While en route on Victor 185, a flight crosses the 248° radial of Allendale VOR at 0953 and then crosses the 216° radial of Allendale VOR at 1000. What is the estimated time of arrival at Savannah VORTAC?
1028.
The 248° & 216° radials cross V185 at Milen & Dover intersections. The distance between them is 10 NM with a time of 7 min. Calculate groundspeed as 86 knots. The Dover to Savannah distance is 40 NM. Compute the time as 28 min. ETA is 1000+28 = 1028.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 21.) What course should be selected on the omnibearing selector (OBS) to make a direct flight from Mercer County Regional Airport (area 3) to the Minot VORTAC (area 1) with a TO indication?
359°.
Place a plotter on a line from Mercer Co. to Minot International. Where the plotter crosses the compass rose, read approximately 179°. The reciprocal or TO indication for the 179° radial is 359°. 179 + 180 = 359.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 22.) What is the estimated time en route from Sandpoint Airport (area 1) to St. Maries Airport (area 4)? The wind is from 215° at 25 knots, and the true airspeed is 125 knots.
34 minutes.
With a plotter, measure the distance from Sandpoint to St. Maries as 58 NM and the true course as 181°. With a flight computer, determine groundspeed as 103.5 knots and calculate the time en route as 33.5 minutes. Round to 34 minutes.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 52.) What is the recommended communications procedure for landing at Lincoln Municipal during the hours when the tower is not in operation?
Monitor airport traffic and announce your position and intentions on 118.5 MHz.
The CTAF is 118.5 MHz. This is the frequency to use when the tower is not in operation.
Chart Supplement Legend
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1
(Refer to Figure 59, area 3.) The town of Findlay is located in what class airspace?
Surface area Class E airspace.
The town of Findlay is circled by a magenta dashed line indicating it is in Class E airspace starting at the surface.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 26, area 3.) When flying over Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge, a pilot should fly no lower than
2,000 feet AGL.
Pilots are requested to maintain a minimum altitude of 2,000’ above the surface of National Wildlife Refuges, Big Game Refuges, Game Ranges and Wildlife Ranges administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 7-4
(Refer to Figure 24.) What is the approximate position of the aircraft if the VOR receivers indicate the 245° radial of Sulphur Springs VOR-DME (area 5) and the 140° radial of Bonham VORTAC (area 3)?
Glenmar Airport.
Using a straight edge, plot a course from the 245° radial of Sulphur Springs VOR. Then, plot a course from the 140° radial of Bonham VORTAC. They intersect near Glenmar Airport.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 24.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from Majors Airport (area 1) to Winnsboro Airport (area 2). The wind is from 340° at 12 knots, the true airspeed is 36 knots, and the magnetic variation is 6°30’E.
078°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from Majors to Winnsboro as 101°. Use a flight computer to calculate the true heading as 84.5°. Subtract variation of 6.5°E. 84.5°-6.5° = 78°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 52.) Traffic patterns in effect at Lincoln Municipal are
to the left on Runway 17 and Runway 36; to the right on Runway 18 and Runway 35.
The comments regarding runways 18 & 35 both indicate “Rgt tfc.” meaning that these runways have right hand traffic patterns. Runways 17 & 36 do not have a notation and are standard left hand patterns.
Chart Supplement Legend
(Refer to figure 25, area 5.) The navigation facility at Dallas-Ft. Worth International (DFW) is a
VOR/DME.
The navigation facility at Dallas-Ft. Worth International (DFW) is a VOR/DME. This can be determined by the hexagon surrounded by a rectangle.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to Figure 63.) At Toledo Executive, find the length of the displaced threshold for runway 22.
380 feet.
The Chart Supplements U.S. for Toledo Executive indicates a displaced threshold (Thld dsplcd) of 380 feet for runway 22.
Chart Supplement
(Refer to figure 20, area 2.) The flag symbol at Lake Drummond represents a
visual checkpoint used to identify position for initial callup to Norfolk Approach Control.
Flag symbols on a sectional represent visual checkpoints.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 52.) Where is Loup City Municipal located with relation to the city?
Northwest approximately 1 mile.
Loup City Municipal is located approximately 1 mile northwest of the city as indicated by the “1 NW” after the airport identifier.
Chart Supplement Legend
(Refer to figure 52.) Which type radar service is provided to VFR aircraft at Lincoln Municipal?
Sequencing to the primary Class C airport, traffic advisories, conflict resolution, and safety alerts.
Participating VFR aircraft are sequenced to the primary airport and provided Class C services within the Class C airspace and the outer area. This would include safety alerts & traffic advisories.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 4-1
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-2
(Refer to figure 27.) An aircraft departs an airport in the central standard time zone at 0845 CST for a 2-hour flight to an airport located in the mountain standard time zone. The landing should be at what coordinated universal time?
1645Z.
Convert the departure time to UTC by adding 6 hours. 0845 + 6 = 1445. Add the flight time of 2 hours to find the arrival time. 1445 + 2 = 1645Z.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 23, area 3.) What is the floor of the Savannah Class C airspace at the shelf area (outer circle)?
1,300 feet MSL.
The shelf area altitude is shown by a 41 over 13. This indicates that the top of the airspace is 4,100’ and the base is 1,300’. These altitudes are above MSL.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 28, illustration 5.) The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What radial is the aircraft crossing?
030°.
The VOR receiver has the OBS set to a course of 210° and the TO/FROM indicator shows TO. The CDI is centered. The aircraft is crossing the reciprocal of the 210° radial, or the 030° radial. 210 - 180 = 30.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 26, area 2.) The visibility and cloud clearance requirements to operate VFR during daylight hours over the town of Cooperstown between 1,200 feet AGL and 10,000 feet MSL are
3 miles and 1,000 feet above, 500 feet below, and 2,000 feet horizontally from clouds.
The airspace between 1,200’ AGL and 10,000’ MSL is Class E. The requirements in Class E airspace below 10,000’ MSL are 3 miles visibility and 1,000’ above, 500’ below, and 2,000’ horizontally from clouds.
FAR 91.155
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-1
(Refer to figure 26, area 5.) The airspace overlying and within 5 miles of Barnes County Airport is
Class G airspace from the surface to 700 feet AGL.
The magenta transition area indicates that Class E airspace begins at 700’ AGL. Below this altitude, the airspace is Class G.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to Figure 71.) Close to the airport information box at Lincoln Regional/Harder (area 4) notice a parachute icon. Which publication would give you information about the parachute jumping operations there?
Chart Supplements publication
Information regarding parachute jumping operation are found in the A/FD section of the Charts Supplement publication.
Chart Supplement
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 23, area 3.) What is the height of the lighted obstacle approximately 6 nautical miles southwest of Savannah International?
1,548 feet MSL.
The lighted obstacle just southwest and outside of the 5 nautical mile ring is labeled (just above and to the right of the symbol) as being 1548 with 1534 in parenthesis. This would indicate an AGL height of 1,534’ and an MSL height of 1,548’.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 25, area 2.) The floor of Class B airspace at Air Park Dallas (F69) is
3,000 feet MSL.
Find the large numbers 110/30 in blue. They indicate the top and the floor of the airspace respectively over Addison. 110 represents the top of the airspace (11,000’) and 30 represents the floor of the airspace (3,000’).
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-2
(Refer to figure 21.) What is the estimated time en route from Mercer County Regional Airport (area 3) to Minot International (area 1)? The wind is from 330° at 25 knots and the true airspeed is 100 knots. Add 3-1/2 minutes for departure and climb-out.
48 minutes.
With a plotter, measure the distance and the true course from Mercer Co. to Minot International as 59 NM and as 11°. With a flight computer, determine the groundspeed as 80 knots and time en route as 44.5 min + 3.5 min for climb = 48 min.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 26, area 2.) The day VFR visibility and cloud clearance requirements to operate over the town of Cooperstown, after departing and climbing out of the Cooperstown Airport at or below 700 feet AGL are
1 mile and clear of clouds.
Correct for private pilots. A private pilot may fly in the Class G airspace below 1200’ AGL described by this question with 1 mile of visibility and clear of clouds.
FAR 91.155
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-1
(Refer to figure 25, area 4.) The airspace directly overlying Fort Worth Meacham is
Class D airspace to 3,200 feet MSL.
The airspace directly overlying Fort Worth Meacham is Class D airspace to 3,200’ MSL as indicated by the blue dashed lines and the 32 in the blue dashed box.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 27.) An aircraft departs an airport in the mountain standard time zone at 1515 MST for a 2-hour 30-minute flight to an airport located in the Pacific standard time zone. What is the estimated time of arrival at the destination airport?
1645 PST.
Convert the departure time to UTC by adding 7 hours. 1515 MST + 7 = 2215Z. Add the flight time of 2 hours 30 min. to find the arrival time. 2215 + 2 h 30 m = 0045Z. Convert the arrival time in UTC to PST by subtracting 8 hours. 0045 - 8 = 1645 PST.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 27.) An aircraft departs an airport in the eastern daylight time zone at 0945 EDT for a 2-hour flight to an airport located in the central daylight time zone. The landing should be at what coordinated universal time?
1545Z.
Using the chart, convert the departure time, 0945 EDT, to Coordinated Universal Time. 0945 + 4 = 1345Z. Add the flight time of 2 hours. 1345 + 2 = 1545Z.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to Figure 23.) You tune to the 320° radial of Savannah VORTAC and the 184° radial of Allendale VOR. Drawing courses for both on your Sectional, they intersect where?
Southeast of Guyton.
Using a straight edge, plot a course from the 320° radial of Savannah VORTAC. Then, plot a course from the 184° radial of Allendale VOR. They intersect south and east of Guyton.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 25.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from Fort Worth Meacham (area 4) to Denton Muni (area 1). The wind is from 330° at 25 knots, the true airspeed is 110 knots, and the magnetic variation is 7° east.
003°.
With a plotter measure the true course from Fort Worth Meacham to Denton as 20°. Use a flight computer to calculate a true heading of 10°. Subtract variation of 7°E. 10°-7° = 3°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 22.) What is the estimated time en route for a flight from St. Maries Airport (area 4) to Priest River Airport (area 1)? The wind is from 300° at 14 knots and the true airspeed is 90 knots. Add 3 minutes for climb-out.
43 minutes.
With a plotter, measure the distance from St Maries to Priest River as 53 NM and the true course as 345°. With a flight computer, calculate the groundspeed as 80 knots and the time en route as 40 min + 3 climb-out = 43 min.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 20 area 4.) What hazards to aircraft may exist in restricted areas such as R-5302B?
Unusual, often invisible, hazards such as aerial gunnery or guided missiles.
Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircraft such as artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-4
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 15
(Refer to figure 27.) An aircraft departs an airport in the Pacific standard time zone at 1030 PST for a 4-hour flight to an airport located in the central standard time zone. The landing should be at what coordinated universal time?
2230Z.
Convert the departure time to UTC by adding 8 hours. 1030 + 8 = 1830Z. Add the flight time of 4 hours to find the arrival time. 1830 + 4 = 2230Z.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 78 and figure 79.) You are approaching Sioux City airport. Where would you expect to see the airport beacon?
East of runway 17-35.
Legend three shows that an airport beacon is represented by a star. Viewing either the Chart Supplements U.S. or the Sectional Chart excerpt, the star is to the east of runway 17-35.
Sectional Legend
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 20, area 3.) Determine the approximate latitude and longitude of Currituck County Airport.
36°24’N - 76°01’W.
Each tick mark on the sectional’s longitude or latitude line equals one minute. Currituck Co. is one tick mark west of the 76° meridian or 76°01’ W and 24’ north of the 36° parallel or 36°24’ N.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 28, illustration 7.) The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What is the aircraft’s position relative to the station?
Southeast.
The OBS is set to a 030° course and the TO/FROM indicator shows OFF. The CDI is deflecting to the left indicating that the aircraft is on the 120° radial, perpendicular to the 030° course and southeast of the VOR.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 22.) Determine the estimated time en route for a flight from Priest River Airport (area 1) to Shoshone County Airport (area 3). The wind is from 030 at 12 knots and the true airspeed is 95 knots. Add 2 minutes for climb-out.
31 minutes.
Measure the distance from Priest River to Shoshone as 49 NM using the distance scale printed at the top of the chart, and the true course as 144°. With a flight computer, calculate the groundspeed as 99 knots and the time en route as 29.5 min. + 2 climb-out = 31.5 minutes. 31 is the most correct. NOTE: each sectional chart is printed/displayed at different sizes, so you cannot use a plotter to measure distances on the supplied figures when studying for the test or taking the actual FAA test. You can either hold a piece of paper up to the screen, mark the points, and hold it up to the NM scale printed on the chart, or print the sectional figures and use a piece of paper to mark the distance and measure on the NM scale.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 22.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from St. Maries Airport (area 4) to Priest River Airport (area 1). The wind is from 340° at 10 knots, and the true airspeed is 90 knots.
329°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from St. Maries to Priest River as 345°. Use a flight computer to find the true heading of 344°. Subtract the variation of 14°30’E. 344°-14°30’ = 329.5°, 329° is the closest answer.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 27.) An aircraft departs an airport in the mountain standard time zone at 1615 MST for a 2-hour 15-minute flight to an airport located in the Pacific standard time zone. The estimated time of arrival at the destination airport should be
1730 PST.
Convert the departure time to UTC by adding 7 hours. 1615 MST + 7 = 2315Z. Add the flight time of 2 hours 15 min. to find the arrival time. 2315 + 2 h 15 m = 0130Z. Convert the arrival time in UTC to PST by subtracting 8 hours. 0130 - 8 = 1730 PST.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
4.
Using a straightedge, determine that Cooperstown is on the 028° radial. VOR indicator #4 is set to 210° with a TO indication and a CDI deviation of one dot to the left. One dot indicates the aircraft is 2° to the right of the 030° radial and is on the 028° radial, which crosses over the town of Cooperstown.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 25, area 8.) What minimum altitude is required to fly over the Cedar Hill TV towers in the congested area south of NAS Dallas?
3,549 feet MSL.
When flying over a congested area of a city, an altitude of 1,000’ above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000’ of the aircraft is required. The Cedar Hill TV towers have an MSL height of 2,549’.
FAR 91.119
(Refer to figure 23.) On what course should the VOR receiver (OBS) be set to navigate direct from Hampton Varnville Airport (area 1) to Savannah VORTAC (area 3)?
195°.
Place a plotter along a line from Hampton Varnville to the Savannah VORTAC. This line is on the 015° radial of Savannah VORTAC. Determine the reciprocal of 015° to find the course TO the VORTAC. 015 + 180 = 195°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 23.) The flag symbols at Statesboro Bullock County Airport, Claxton-Evans County Airport, and Ridgeland Airport are
visual checkpoints to identify position for initial callup prior to entering Savannah Class C airspace.
Flag symbols are used to identify visual checkpoints on a sectional chart.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to Figure 70, area 5) In order to avoid the Livermore Airport, what minimum altitude could you use to fly over it?
2,901 feet MSL.
Livermore Airport is in Class D airspace. The square within the dashed blue line has 29 in it, meaning that the top of the Class D airspace is 2,900 feet MSL. At 2,901 feet MSL you would be out of their Class D airspace.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Ch. 3
(Refer to Figure 25.) Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from Dallas Executive (area 3) to Hicks (T67) (area 4). The wind is from 030° at 10 knots, the true airspeed is 135 knots, and the magnetic variation is 7° east.
298°.
Use your sectional plotter to measure the course from Dallas Executive to Hicks=301° (true). Subtract the 7 degrees of magnetic variation to arrive at a magnetic course of 294 degrees. Using your electronic E6B computer (HDG/GS function), enter the wind of 030 degrees and 10 knots. Then enter the magnetic course of 294 degrees and true airspeed of 135 kts to arrive at a 298 degree magnetic heading and a groundspeed of 136 kts.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 8
(Refer to figure 23.) What is the approximate position of the aircraft if the VOR receivers indicate the 344° radial of Savannah VORTAC (area 3) and the 184° radial of Allendale VOR (area 1)?
Town of Springfield.
Extend a 344° radial line from Savannah VOR and a 184° radial line from Allendale VOR. Where they intersect find Springfield.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 25, area 4.) The floor of Class B airspace overlying Hicks Airport (T67) north-northwest of Fort Worth Meacham Field is
4,000 feet MSL.
Find the large numbers 110/40 in blue. They indicate the top and the floor of the airspace respectively over Ft Worth Meacham. 110 represents the top of the airspace (11,000’) and 40 represents the floor of the airspace (4,000’).
Sectional Legend
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-2
3.
Place a plotter on a line from Bonham VORTAC to Sulphur Springs, which indicates the town is on the 120° radial. With the OBS set to 210° the TO/FROM indicator would be OFF with the needle deflected to the right while on the 120° radial, which is represented by VOR Indicator #3. NOTE: the needle should also show a full-scale deflection for this scenario.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to Figure 24, area 6) Find the town of Commerce. The floor of the Class E airspace over it is:
700 feet AGL.
Since there is a magenta shaded line around Commerce, the Class E airspace above it has a floor of 700 feet AGL.
(Refer to figure 52.) When approaching Lincoln Municipal from the west at noon for the purpose of landing, initial communications should be with
Lincoln Approach Control on 124.0 MHz.
When approaching from 270° at noon, use the Lincoln Approach Control for 180°-359°. This would be 124.0 MHz.
Chart Supplement Legend
(Refer to figure 21.) Which public use airports depicted are indicated as having fuel?
Minot Intl. (area 1).
The tick marks around the basic airport symbol for Minot Intl. indicate that fuel is available and the airport is tended during normal working hours.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 22, area 3.) The vertical limits of that portion of Class E airspace designated as a Federal Airway over Magee Airport are
1,200 feet AGL to 17,999 feet MSL.
Federal airways are Class E airspace areas and, unless otherwise specified, extend upward from 1,200’ to, but not including, 18,000’ MSL. There is no indication in the figure that the airway is not standard.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 3-2
(Refer to Figure 25, area 7.) The airspace overlying Collin Co. Regional McKinney (TKI) is controlled from the surface to:
2,900 feet MSL.
Within the blue dashed circle surrounding Collin Co. Regional McKinney airport is a box with the numeral ‘29’ in it. This indicates a ceiling of Class D airspace in hundreds of feet.
(Refer to figure 26, area 3.) Identify the airspace over Sprague Airport.
Class G airspace - surface up to but not including 1,200 feet AGL, Class E airspace - 1,200 feet AGL up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL.
Sprague Airport does not have a magenta transition area around it. Given the other airspace shown on the sectional, this would indicate that Class E airspace begins at 1,200’ AGL. Class G airspace would be below this.
Sectional Legend
(Refer to Figure 71, area 1.) What is the height of the floor of the Class E airspace above Georgetown Airport?
3,823 feet MSL.
Georgetown Airport is located outside of the magenta shaded areas on the map. Therefore the floor of the Class E airspace above it is 1,200 feet AGL. For MSL add Georgetown’s elevation to 1,200 feet. (2,623+1200=3,823 MSL).
Sectional Legend
(Refer to figure 26.) Determine the magnetic course from Cooperstown Airport (area 2) to Jamestown Airport (area 4).
213°.
With a plotter, measure the true course from Cooperstown to Jamestown as 218°. Subtract variation of 5°E. 218°-5° = 213°.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 25.) Estimate the time en route from Addison (area 2) to Dallas Executive (area 3). The wind is from 300° at 15 knots, the true airspeed is 120 knots, and the magnetic variation is 7° east.
8 minutes.
With a plotter, measure the distance and true course from Addison to Dallas Executive as 17 NM and 186°. Use a flight computer to calculate a groundspeed of 125 knots and time en route of 8 min.
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Ch. 16
(Refer to figure 25, area 2.) The control tower frequency for Addison Airport is
126.0 MHz.
126.0 MHz is the control tower frequency for Addison Airport as indicated by the “CT-“ label preceding the frequency.
Sectional Legend
