Last minute

Question 1

What is the intracellular concentration of Chloride?

Answer 1

100mM

Question 2

What number should be used in Goldmann equation?

Answer 2

61

Question 3

What does a non-competitive antagonist do?

Answer 3

Reduce the slope and max response of an agonist

Question 4

How can you find total number of antagonist binding sites in a preperation?

Answer 4

Scatchard plot

Question 5

What does equal potency give?

Answer 5

Same response

Question 6

Where is hepatic cytochrome p450 found?

Answer 6

In the ER

Question 7

What is the systolic pressure in the arteriole?

Answer 7

20mmHg

Question 8

What is the normal H+ conc in body fluids?

Answer 8

4x10-8 moles per litre

Question 9

What are the n, u, m?

Answer 9

n=10-9, u=10-6, m=10-3

Question 10

What is type II typically associated with?

Answer 10

Truncation in CACNA1A

Question 11

What is Poisselles law for flow?

Answer 11

Flow- proportional to change in pressure and 4th power of radius, inversely proportional to the viscosity and length

Question 12

What is Poisselles law for Resistance?

Answer 12

resistance- proportional to viscosity and length, inversely proportional to 4th power of radius

Question 13

What does MLCK do?

Answer 13

Phosphorylate the serine residue 19- allow myosin cross bridges to bind to actin

Question 14

What does MLCP do?

Answer 14

Dephosphorylation of myosin light chain

Question 15

What can 3rd degree heart block do to blood pressure?

Answer 15

Can lower it

Question 16

What are long and short QT to do with?

Answer 16

Ventricular action potential

Question 17

Give examples of COXIBs?

Answer 17

Selective for cox2- Vioxx, dicholenic - musculoskeletal pain

Question 18

What is omalizumab?

Answer 18

Humanised antibody and soluble receptors to IgE- to treat asthma

Question 19

What is treatment for Long QT syndrome?

Answer 19

B blockers- e.g. atenolol

Question 20

What is the treatment for short QT syndrome?

Answer 20

Quinidines, implant defibrillation

Question 21

What is atrial fibrillation treatment?

Answer 21

Flecanide, B blockers, amodarone, Dronadorone

Question 22

What are the treatments for epilepsy?

Answer 22

Benzos, barbiturates, uptake inhibitors of GABA, metabolic inhibitors of GABA, Calcium channel blocker, Sodium channel blocker

Question 23

What is treatment for Myotonia congenital?

Answer 23

Sodium channel blocker -Maxiltene

Question 24

What does KO human and mice AQP1 show?

Answer 24

Problems with urine concentration but largely healthy as not contributing full amount

Question 25

What does KO of A1/A3 show in mice with and without water?

Answer 25

with- half the osmolality, without- quarter the osmolality

Question 26

How are the alpha subunits of GABA that are sensitive to Benzos known?

Answer 26

Through animal models- replace a2 gene with mutated/ KO, gives no anxiolytic effects of diazapam

Question 27

What are problems with vigabatrin?

Answer 27

Depression

Question 28

what are problems with valproate?

Answer 28

High protein binding, rarely hepatic, teratogenic, nausea, hair loss, weight gain

Question 29

What are the problems with Phenytoin?

Answer 29

Complex pharmacokinetics, vertigo, ataxia, headaches, rashes

Question 30

What are the problems with Carbamazepine?

Answer 30

Microsomal enzyme induction

Question 31

What are problems with Lamotigine?

Answer 31

Nausea, dizziness, ataxia, rashes

Question 32

What Calcium channels are targeted in epilepsy?

Answer 32

T type in Raphe nuclei - for absence siezures

Question 33

What is the structure of CACNA1A?

Answer 33

24 trans domains, 4 voltage sensory, 4 pore, P/Q type calcium channel

Question 34

What is an experiment with CACNA1A?

Answer 34

barium current- shows reduce current with mutant and voltage dependance change- higher voltage needed to open

Question 35

What are the risks of opioids?

Answer 35

Sedation, depression of respiration, inhibition of GI tract, addiction with continuous use

Question 36

What is an example of an anticholinergic used to treat asthma?

Answer 36

Tiotropium bromide

Question 37

What is the evidence that Myasthenia Graves is cause by antibodies?

Answer 37

87% patients show positive for antibodies, injection of ABs into mice- show fewer ABs then normal and size is smaller

Question 38

Name a acetylcholinesterase?

Answer 38

Pyridostigme

Question 39

Name a corticosteroid?

Answer 39

Prednisolone

Question 40

What study was done with malignant hypothermia?

Answer 40

Rabbit 614 mutation with caffeine and halothane

Question 41

What in vitro screening assay undergo in lead optimisation?

Answer 41

Mutagenicity, clastogenicity, specific cardiac arrhythmia biomarker

Question 42

What other methods other than assays are used in lead optimisation?

Answer 42

Overexpresed KO, Exploratory studies

Question 43

What are different immunotherapies to treat cancer?

Answer 43

Checkpoint inhibitors- T cells attack tutors, CART Cell therapy- engineer own cells to fight cancer Cancer vaccines- protect against damage or abnormal cells