Lateralization and Language

Question 1

What is the localization of one function in one hemisphere or the other?

Answer 1

lateralization

Question 2

What did hemispherectomy used to treat?

Answer 2

Rasmussen’s syndrome- seizures in one side of the brain

Question 3

What was the only side effect seen in children after a hemispherectomy?

Answer 3

a slight limp

Question 4

When the pathways connecting the left and right hemispheres are severed it’s called….

Answer 4

split brain surgery

Question 5

T/F: split brain surgery results in no change to personality, intelligence, or speech

Answer 5

true

Question 6

What is the Wada test?

Answer 6

anesthetizing one hemisphere with an injection of sodium amytal

Question 7

What contemporary imaging do scientists use to study lateralization?

Answer 7

fMRI, DTI

Question 8

What do the 9 hubs of the left hemisphere connect?

Answer 8

language processing, some parts of default mode network

Question 9

What do the 11 hubs of the right hemisphere connect?

Answer 9

regions involved with attention and executive function

Question 10

What are the adaptive advantages for an individual with lateralization?

Answer 10

Enhanced skill performance, faster reaction time, improves multitasking, language function

Question 11

What is the adaptive advantage for a population with lateralization?

Answer 11

Social species, serve to coordinate responses to a predator

Question 12

_______ is correlated with lateralization of language

Answer 12

handedness

Question 13

In ____ ____ two different words are presented to the right and left ear, if the listener is right handed they will favor the right ear

Answer 13

dichotic listening

Question 14

Our ability to produce and detect emotional tone in language

Answer 14

prosody

Question 15

Which hemisphere is involved in the emotional tone of language?

Answer 15

right hemisphere

Question 16

Muscian’s with perfect pitch have a _____ ____ that is twice as big

Answer 16

planum temporale

Question 17

In terms of gender _____ brain is more lateralized than ______ brain

Answer 17

male, female

Question 18

What prenatal hormone may predict gender differences in lateralization?

Answer 18

Androgen

Question 19

____ handedness correlates with homicide

Answer 19

left

Question 20

In dichotic listening, why does the listener hear the syllable in their right ear alone?

Answer 20

Because of Wernicke’s area in the left hemisphere

Question 21

Individuals with ASD were found to have _____ lateralization when compared to typical individuals

Answer 21

reduced

Question 22

What evolutionary changes spurred the development of spoken language?

Answer 22

existence of mirror systems and bipedalism

Question 23

What are individual sound units that placed in a specific order produce morphemes?

Answer 23

Phonemes

Question 24

What are the smallest meaningful units of a word?

Answer 24

Morpheme

Question 25

What is the collection of all words in a language?

Answer 25

lexicon

Question 26

What are the rules to combine words in phrases and sentences?

Answer 26

syntax

Question 27

What are the meanings that correspond to lexicon and sentences?

Answer 27

semantics

Question 28

What is the vocal intonation that may modify literal meanings of words and sentences?

Answer 28

prosody

Question 29

What is the linking sentences to produce a narrative?

Answer 29

discourse

Question 30

What are the positive outcomes of bilingualism?

Answer 30

Children perform better on tests of executive control, associated with a delay of dementia

Question 31

Proficiency in a second language is better if learned when?

Answer 31

As a child

Question 32

T/F: ASL is processed similarly as verbal languages

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What area is involved in comprehension, speech and reading?

Answer 33

Wernicke's

Question 34

What is Broca's area involved in?

Answer 34

Speech

Question 35

What stream converts sound info into motor representations for speech?

Answer 35

dorsal

Question 36

What pathway assigns meanings to words?

Answer 36

ventral

Question 37

What type of aphasia is the lack of ability to speak clearly and a deficit in comprehension?

Answer 37

Broca's aphasia

Question 38

What type of aphasia involves rapid speech that is fluent but meaningless?

Answer 38

wernicke's aphasia

Question 39

What is conduction aphasia?

Answer 39

Speech is fluent and comprehension is ok, difficulting repeating speech

Question 40

damage to the _____ ______ prevents the patient from directly transferring speech sounds from Wernicke's area to Broca's area which causes ____ ____

Answer 40

arcuate fasciculus, conduction aphasia

Question 41

What is the loss of all language functions?

Answer 41

global aphasia

Question 42

What is transcortical aphasias?

Answer 42

fluent grammatical speech, but comprehension is impaired

Question 43

What disorder has normal speech and comprehension but inability to read or recognize letters?

Answer 43

Alexia

Question 44

What is the inability to write?

Answer 44

Agraphia

Question 45

What is difficulting learning to read and is related to asymmetry?

Answer 45

Dyslexia

Question 46

People with dyslexia have little activation of the ____ ____ and _____ ____ but increased activation of _____ _____

Answer 46

angular gyrus, wernicke's area, broca's area

Question 47

What is producing repetitions or prolonging of sounds?

Answer 47

stuttering