Learning and memory

Question 1

Blinking when someone pretends to throw a ball at your face would be what type of learning?

Answer 1

reflex

Question 2

A cascade of yawning a classroom would be what kind of learning?

Answer 2

Fixed action pattern

Question 3

Someone blows a loud horn which causes you to jump. If they continue to blow the horn periodically and you no longer jump every time, what kind of learning would this be?

Answer 3

habituation

Question 4

A person just experienced a violent earthquake and is subsequently sensitive to loud noises and movement. What type of learning is this?

Answer 4

Sensitization

Question 5

What are the 2 types of associative learning?

Answer 5

classical and operant conditioning

Question 6

______ _____ are those behaviors that must be learned?

Answer 6

Conditioned response

Question 7

Unconditioned responses appear ____ prior experience to a stimulus

Answer 7

without

Question 8

What element of classical conditioning can produce a conditioned response?

Answer 8

conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Who is the father of operant conditioning?

Answer 9

B. F. Skinner

Question 10

What is the basic idea of operant conditioning?

Answer 10

organisms form connections between a behavior and its consequences and it impacts the subsequent frequency of the behavior

Question 11

Reinforcement _____ behavior and punishment ______ behavior

Answer 11

increases, decreases

Question 12

How do we categorize memory systems?

Answer 12

Information to be recalled, conscious processing, temporal recall

Question 13

What kind of memory is explicit?

Answer 13

declarative

Question 14

What two branches is declarative memory split into?

Answer 14

semantic and episodic

Question 15

What is implicit memory?

Answer 15

nondeclarative, procedural

Question 16

What does the information processing model describe?

Answer 16

Information flows through a series of stages on its way to permanent storage in memory

Question 17

How long does sensory memory last?

Answer 17

1-2 seconds

Question 18

How long does short term memory last?

Answer 18

15-18 seconds

Question 19

What kind of memory involves top down processing or active organization?

Answer 19

explicit

Question 20

What kind of memory involves the conscious recollection of events, words, objects?

Answer 20

Explicit

Question 21

What kind of memory is processed how it is perceived in the nervous system?

Answer 21

Implicit

Question 22

What kind of memory does the pursuit rotor task test for?

Answer 22

Implicit

Question 23

What kind of memory can involve elements of implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 23

Emotional memory

Question 24

What neural circuits are involved in a na implicit motor learning task?

Answer 24

neocortex, basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, pre motor cortex

Question 25

What theory are Squire and Bayley responsible for?

Answer 25

Consolidation theory

Question 26

What is consolidation theory?

Answer 26

The hippocampus consolidates new memories to make them permanent but they are stored in the neocortex

Question 27

Who coined the multiple trace theory of explicit long term memory?

Answer 27

Nadel and Moscovitch

Question 28

In the multiple trace theory, what lobe is involved with factual semantic memory?

Answer 28

temporal

Question 29

What are our memories linked to int he multiple trace theory?

Answer 29

autobiographical episodes

Question 30

What theory notes that memories can change as they are reprocessed?

Answer 30

multiple trace theory

Question 31

What theory claims that one event or memory may have many traces?

Answer 31

Reconsolidation theory

Question 32

Who coined the theory that involves the idea that memories are reconsolidated and when they are, they become stored as a new memory?

Answer 32

Tronson and Taylor

Question 33

What neurotransmitter substances are implicated in explicit memory?

Answer 33

norepinephrine, acetycholine, seratonin

Question 34

Animal studies link the hippocampus to _____ memory

Answer 34

spatial

Question 35

What type of explicit memory provides context for events during an episode?

Answer 35

relational/episodic

Question 36

If a subject performs a stem completion task, does well, but has no memory of seeing or performing the task, what kind of memory could they have a problem with?

Answer 36

explicit

Question 37

What structure is key for forming relational memories?

Answer 37

hippocampus

Question 38

Verbal info is processed in the ___ hippocampus and spatiral or non verbal infor is processed in the ___ hippocampus

Answer 38

left, right

Question 39

Damages to structures projecting into or out from the hippocampus can produce impairment in _____ memory

Answer 39

relational

Question 40

Inability to form new memories is called what?

Answer 40

anterograde amnesia

Question 41

Inability to recall old memories is called what?

Answer 41

retrograde amnesia

Question 42

What structures were removed from HM's brain?

Answer 42

bilateral medial temporal lobe, hippocampus