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ap psych > learning > Flashcards

learning Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

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2
Q

behaviorist

A

psychology should be the scientific study of observable behavior
all learning occurs through interactions with the environment

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3
Q

ivan pavlov

A

russian physiologists whose studies on digestion accidentally led to the discovery of the learning process known as classical conditioning

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4
Q

classical conditioning

A

pavlov noticed that dogs salivated when seeing food
pavlov designed a series of experiments where he used sounds to condition the salivation response in dogs
dogs associated sound of buzzer with eating

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5
Q

neutral stimulus

A

produces no effect until paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that triggers an automatic response

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7
Q

unconditioned response

A

unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

previously neutral stimulus that after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus eventually triggers a conditioned response

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9
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response to previously nuestras stimulus

will only occur after an association has been made

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10
Q

acquisition

A

initial stage of learning a response is first established and gradually strengthened
after association is made, subject will emit response to it

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11
Q

higher order conditioning

A

a procedure where conditioned stimulus is paired with new neutral stimulus making a new weaker conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

extinction

A

the occurrences of a conditioned response decreased or disappears, when a conditioned stimulus is jo longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

refers to the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a test period
research found with repeated extinction/recovery cycles

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14
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The tendency for conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after response has been conditioned

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15
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

The ability to differentiate between a condition stimulus and other stimulus that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Watsons a little Albert experiment

A

controversial classic conditioning experiment on an infant boy called a little Albert Watson was interested in examining the effects of conditioning on fear response in humans
Child initially show no fear of white rat but after rat was paired with sound child cried when rat was present

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17
Q

Taste aversion

A

The avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming food

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18
Q

Biological preparedness

A

Some associations form more readily because they aid in survival

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19
Q

Edward Thorndike slaw the fact

A

Actions that are followed by desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated all those following and buy an undesirable outcome are less likely to be repeated

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20
Q

BF Skinner

A

research and operant conditioning and schedules of reinforcement

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21
Q

Skinner box

A

An opera chamber that could hold a small animal and contained a bar or key the animal would pressed to receive a reward

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22
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Morning that comes from rewards or punishments for behavior

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23
Q

Shaping

A

procedure where reinforcers are gradually given to God actions toward a desirable behavior

24
Q

Chaining

A

breaks a task down into small steps and then teaches each step within the sequence by itself

25
Q

Reinforcing stimulus

A

Any event that strengthens were increases their behavior it follows

26
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Favorable events or outcomes that are present in after the behavior the behavior of strengthened by the addition of something

27
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of uncomfortable outcome after this via behavior response is strengthened by removal of something considered unpleasant

28
Q

Primary reinforcement

A

Naturally favorable or desirable consequences

29
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Need to be learned and can be used to obtain primary reinforcer’s

30
Q

Token reinforcer

A

Symbols are tokens I can be exchanged for other reinforcers

31
Q

Punishing stimulus

A

Punishment is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows

32
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding an unfavorable outcome in order to weaken the response

33
Q

Negative punishment

A

Occurs when an event or outcome is removed

34
Q

Over justification affect

A

Phenomenon where being rewarded actually diminishes intrinsic motivation

35
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

A pattern that defines how often are desired response will be in reinforced

36
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Desired behavior is reinforced each and every time it occurs this creates rapid acquisition and creates a strong association between behavior in response also rapid extinction

37
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

The responses are reinforced only part of the time this has the most affect once a behavior has already been established

38
Q

Fixed

A

Number of behaviors or length of time intervals is constant

39
Q

Variable

A

Number of behaviors or time interval is variable 

40
Q

Ratio

A

Amount of responses

41
Q

interval 

A

Based on time

42
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses this has a high response right but irregular responding once reinforcement is

43
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Responses reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses the learners rate of response remains constant but not effective for teaching new behaviors

44
Q

Fixed interval schedules

A

first response is rewarded after specific time elapsed response more frequently as reward time comes

45
Q

Variable interval schedules

A

Occur when I responses rewarded after unpredictable amount of time has passed they stay responding minimal pause after reinforcement

46
Q

Observational learning

A

Learn through watching others retaining information and replicating the behaviors

47
Q

Social learning theory

A

Modeling and vicarious reinforcement

48
Q

Mirror neurons

A

fire both win we do behavior and when we watch behavior

49
Q

Albert bandura And the Bobo doll

A

Demonstrated that young children with it imitate the violent and aggressive actions of an adult model

50
Q

Cognition in conditioning

A

Researcher start conditioning was involuntary response is to environment now believe there’s some information processing conditioning

51
Q

Latent learning

A

One can learn some thing but not sure behavior right away organisms form cognitive maps which are mental representations to acquire store and recall information in their environment

52
Q

Insight learning

A

A sudden realization of problem solution that just came to you

53
Q

The pre-Mac principle

A

A person will perform a less desirable activity in order to perform the more desirable activity as a consequence

54
Q

Martin seligman

A

Dogs in a cage with partially electrified floor the dogs are able to work a lever and learn to jump over there to escape shock

55
Q

Learned helplessness

A

mental state where an organism continues to experience a painful unpleasant or aversive stimulus
Organism becomes help us because they have learned that regardless of their actions they have no ability to change the outcome

ap psych (8 decks)

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