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ap psych > sensation and perception > Flashcards

sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

synesthesia



A

To perceive together is my new experience one of your senses through another cents for one type of simulation evokes the sensation of another

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2
Q

Sensation detection

A

Our senses collect information from the environment and convert it to a Nuro sign that can travel to the brain

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3
Q

Transduction

A

The transformation of stimulus energy to electro chemical energy of neural impulses

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4
Q

Perception

A

Organizing and interpreting sensory information

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5
Q

Bottom up processing

A

sensation to the brain to the perception

Entry level sensation requires no prior knowledge or work

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6
Q

Top down processing

A

From perception starting with larger objects before working towards detailed information

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7
Q

Perceptual sad

A

Construction perceptions based on experience and expectations which is predisposition to perceive things in a certain way

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8
Q

Psycho physics

A

Study of how the physical characteristics of stimuli relate to our physiological experience
weber and fechner 

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

no absolute threshold detection depends partly on a persons experience expectations motivation and level fatigue

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11
Q

Subliminal

A

when stimulus are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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12
Q

Difference threshold

A

The amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable at least half the time

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13
Q

Webers law

A

The principle that to be perceived as different to stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage

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14
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it

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15
Q

Selective attention

A

Are conscious awareness on a particular stimulus by simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information

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16
Q

Divided attention

A

Occurs when mental focus is on multiple tasks or ideas at once

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17
Q

intentional blindness

A

when I focused is directed at one stimulus leaving us blind to other stimulus

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18
Q

Change blindness

A

The Tennessee people have to miss changes in their immediate visual environment

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19
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus on a particular sound low partial filtering out other sounds

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20
Q

Vision

A

The dominant sense

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21
Q

Cornea

A

helps focus light for clarity

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22
Q

pupil 

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye

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23
Q

Iris

A

Muscle tissue that forms the color portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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24
Q

fovea 

A

Center of right now compromised of cones that see color and clarity

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25
Q

Photo receptors

A

Convert light into electro chemical neural impulses

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26
Q

Cones

A

Concentrated in the center of retina color and clarity

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27
Q

Rods

A

Black and white with night vision motion detection and peripheral vision

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28
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Located between photo receptor cells and ganglion cells work to transfer visual information

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29
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Converge to form the optic nerve sending information to the

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30
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain visual information is sent to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain for processing

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31
Q

Blindspot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves that I creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there
eyes have rapid movement from side to side to help fill in missing information created by the Blindspot

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32
Q

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

There are three receptors in the retina responsible for the perception of color

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33
Q

Color deficient vision

A

Simply like functioning red or green sensitive cones or both

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34
Q

Opponent process theory

A

retinal processes only occur in three sets of opponents
Red/green
Black/white
Blue/yellow
Cells can only detect the presence of one color at a time because the two colors oppose one another

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35
Q

After image

A

Describes a continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

36
Q

Feature detectors

A

In the visual cortex specialize in around to detect one feature responding to shapes angles lines and movement in a field of vision

37
Q

Parallel processing

A

The ability of the brain to do many things at once for visual processing, emotion shape and death are processed simultaneously

38
Q

Audition

A

The biological process of her ears processing sound waves

39
Q

Sound waves

A

vibrations of molecules the travel through the air

40
Q

amplitude 

A

Height of the sound waves

41
Q

Frequency

A

Number of wavelength and a unit of time

42
Q

Pitch

A

Shorter wavelength equals high frequency equals higher pitch

43
Q

Pinna

A

The outer ear the visual part of the year directs waves into ear canal

44
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the ear drum, sound waves make the eardrum vibrate

45
Q

Middle ear

A

sound waves travel to vibrate the bones which are the hammer stirrup an anvil
bones concentrate the vibrations of eardrum on the cochleas oval window

46
Q

Cochlea

A

A coil fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
on top of the membrane or hair cells the bottom is the Besley Lee membrane and together they make nerve impulses and get sent to the auditory nerve

47
Q

Place theory

A

The hair cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea or each tuned to activate at a specific frequency

48
Q

Frequency theory

A

we’re here pitch based on how fast the hair cells vibrate

rate of impulses and auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone

49
Q

Locating sound

A

Sound waves one here sooner and more intensely than the other from this information our brain computes sounds location

50
Q

Conduction hear loss

A

caused by damage to mechanical system that conduct sound waves to the cochlea

Blockage swelling and fluid anything that restrict movement

51
Q

Sensory neural hearing loss

A

occurs when the inner ear cochlear auditory nerve is not functioning hearing aids are in effective once damage they are dead and cannot be fixed

52
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Advice for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

53
Q

The McGurk affect

A

Perceptual losing when the visual perception of sound as part of the auditory information of a different sound

54
Q

Visual capture

A

when vision competes with other senses vision usually wins

55
Q

Taste

A

Chemical compounds are taste buds
five types of flavor receptor cells are sweet salty sour better and savory

Gustary transduction to the temporal lobe

56
Q

Smell

A

Chemical molecules breathe in through the nose smell receptors lie on top of nasal passage neural signals sent from olfactory bulb to the temporal lobe’s in the limbic system or smells can trigger memories and emotions

57
Q

somesthetic senses 

A

The senses of the skin allows to feel light touch pressure pain cold and warmth

inside the skin many cells that sense pressure skin is the largest organ and sent to the thalamus

58
Q

Sensory interaction

A

when one sense influences our experience of another 

59
Q

Pain

A

The bodies warning sign that something isn’t right combine with bottom up and top down processes

60
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

There is a gate in the spinal cord that switch his pain on and off the more neurons the more pain

61
Q

Phantom limb sensations

A

Seven and 10 amputees feel pain and removed or nonexistent loves

62
Q

Kinethesis 

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts there are sensors in your joints tendons bones and ears as well as skin sensors

63
Q

Vestibular sense

A

sense of body position movement and balance or equilibrium based on the movement of fluid start in the vestibular sacks of the inner ear hair like receptor cells detect movement of this fluid

64
Q

gestalt psychologist

A

emphasize the brains tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful holes

and perception the whole may exceed the sum of its parts our brain is more than register information about the world

65
Q

Figure ground pattern

A

Organization of vision into objects that stand out from the surroundings

66
Q

Grouping

A

The tendency to organize similar in groups in order to process the complexity of the world

67
Q

Depth perception

A

The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and judge the distance of objects

Achieved in the brain processes different pictures from each eye and combine some to form a single 30 image

68
Q

Binocular cues

A

Those that require the use of both eyes and order focused to perceive death or

69
Q

Retinal disparity

A

The difference between the visual images that each I received because of the different angles in which each eye veiws the world

70
Q

Convergence

A

Our eyes move together to focus on an object that is close and they move farther apart for a distance object

71
Q

Monocular cues

A

Clues that can be used for depth perception that involve using only one I

72
Q

Linear perspective

A

Parallel lines up here at chicken verge of the vanishing point on the horizon

73
Q

interposition

A

When one object overlaps another the object that is partially obscured is perceived as being farther away

74
Q

Relative size

A

If two objects are roughly the same size the farther away object will appear smaller even though the objects are still the same size

75
Q

Relative height

A

we perceive objects higher in our visual field as being for the way and those that are close up your lower

76
Q

Relative clarity

A

We perceive hazy objects is farther away than sharp clear objects

77
Q

Light and shadow

A

Objects that are darken up here in May if your father off in the distance and those that are brightly lit

78
Q

Texture gradient

A

Method of determining deaths by noting the distance objects have a smoother texture than nearby objects

79
Q

Relative motion

A

as you’re moving objects that are closer seem to zoom by faster than object in the distance

80
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having constant shape size and brightness is about the stimulus changes that occur

81
Q

Light constancy

A

We perceive an object is having a concert lightness even while it’s illumination fairies

82
Q

Shabe constancy

A

familiar objects maintain their known shape in our perception regardless of the changes in viewing angles

83
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomenon including ESP and psycho kinesis

84
Q

Color constancy

A

Intensive objects to be the same color even under changing illumination

85
Q

Perceptual phenomenon

A

The result of my mechanisms in the eye in the brain

ap psych (8 decks)

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