Learning

Question 1

What is classical conditioning? Examples?

Answer 1

type of learning where a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally caused by another stimulus

fears, sexual arousal, etc

Question 2

How was classical conditioning created?

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

experiment with dogs, salivation, food, and a tone

Question 3

What is UCR, UCS, CS, CR?

Answer 3

unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

Question 4

How does classical conditioning work?

Answer 4

a CS and an UCS are paired together which gradually results in a CR

hear tone, get food, eventually starts salivating before food comes out

Question 5

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

Answer 5

when a CS is repeatedly presented alone and it no longer causes a CR

Question 6

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

Answer 6

reappearance of an extinct response after a period of nonexposure to CS

Question 7

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

Answer 7

a CR is caused by different stimulus that resembles the original CS (little albert)

Question 8

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

Answer 8

when a CR is not caused by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS

Question 9

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 9

type of learning where responses are controlled by consequences

Question 10

How was operant conditioning created?

Answer 10

Skinner found that rats and birds repeated responses that were followed by favourable outcomes

Question 11

What is reinforcement?

Answer 11

occurs after an event following a response that increases an organisms likelihood of doing that response

Question 12

Responses controlled through operant conditioning are said to be what? What are CR called?

Answer 12

emitted

Elicited

Question 13

What is extinction in operant conditioning?

Answer 13

when a response gradually slows or stops after reinforcement is stopped

Question 14

What is intermittent reinforcement?

Answer 14

when a response is only reinforced some of the time

Question 15

In ratio schedules what happens?

Answer 15

reinforcer is given after a fixed (FR) or variable (VR) number of nonreinforced responses

Question 16

In interval schedules what happens?

Answer 16

reinforcer is given for first response that occurs after a fixed (FI) or variable (VI) time interval has passed

Question 17

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 17

response is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Question 18

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 18

response if followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 19

What is punishment?

Answer 19

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Question 20

Is physical punishment useful?

Answer 20

no its associated with negative outcomes

Question 21

What is preparedness?

Answer 21

explain why people acquire phobias to ancient sources of threat rather than modern sources of threat

Question 22

What is observational learning?

Answer 22

occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others (models)

Question 23

What types of conditioning can happen through observational learning?

Answer 23

operant and classical

Question 24

What are phobias? How are they caused?

Answer 24

Irrational fears of specific objects or sotuations

Classical conditioning

Question 25

What is the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response?

Answer 25

USC is a stimulus that causes a response that was not conditioned UCR is a response that is not learned and occurs without previous conditioning

Question 26

What is a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?

Answer 26

CS is a previously neutral stimulus that through conditioning has been able to cause a CR CR is a learned reaction to a CS that occurs because of conditioning

Question 27

What is a trial in classical conditioning?

Answer 27

Consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

Question 28

What is evaluative conditioning? What is it used for?

Answer 28

Changes in liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli Adverts

Question 29

What is acquisition?

Answer 29

The initial stage of learning something

Question 30

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 30

Reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of not being exposed to the CS

Question 31

What is the renewal effect?

Answer 31

If response is extinguished in a different environment than where it was learned the response will reappear when our back into that environment

Question 32

What is higher order conditioning? Example?

Answer 32

Conditioned stimulus functions as an UCS Two phase process, first time tone makes saliva, second phase light is paired with a tone to make saliva

Question 33

What is the two process theory of phobias?

Answer 33

Classical conditioning of fear and operant conditioning of avoidance

Question 34

What are primary vs secondary reinforcers?

Answer 34

Primary directly influence biological needs (warmth, food, removal of pain) Secondary indirectly influence biological needs (money)