Memory

Question 1

What is attention? What effect does it have on encoding?

Answer 1

selective focus on certain input, increases encoding

Question 2

What effect does divided attention have on encoding? What about other tasks?

Answer 2

undermines encoding and can have a negative affect of the performance of other tasks

Question 3

What does the levels of processing theory propose?

Answer 3

deeper levels of processing result in more durable memory

Question 4

What is elaboration? What effect does it have on encoding?

Answer 4

linking a stimulus to other information, enhances it

Question 5

What does dual coding theory state?

Answer 5

visual imagery may facilitate memory by providing two memories instead of one

Question 6

What are the three memory stores?

Answer 6

long term memory (LTM)
short term memory (STM)
sensory memory

Question 7

Recall is often guided by? What is this demonstrated by?

Answer 7

partial information, tip of the tongue phenomenon

Question 8

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 8

occurs when details of an event is changed by misleading post event information

Question 9

What is source monitoring?

Answer 9

process of making inferences about the origin of memories

Question 10

How long does sensory memory preserve information?

Answer 10

preserves memory in its original sensory form for a short amount of time, fraction of a second

Question 11

How long can short term memory store unrehearsed information?

Answer 11

10-20 seconds

Question 12

What is the capacity of short term memory?

Answer 12

used to be 7 +-2 but not believed to be 4 +-1

Question 13

What is working memory capacity?

Answer 13

refers to someone’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

Question 14

What is the capacity of long term memory and how long is it stored?

Answer 14

unlimited, indefinitely

Question 15

What is a conceptual hierarchy?

Answer 15

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

Question 16

What is a schema?

Answer 16

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event

Question 17

What is a semantic network?

Answer 17

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Question 18

Why do we forget?

Answer 18

ineffective encoding, can be adaptive by making it easier to remember important information

Question 19

How can retention be assessed?

Answer 19

recall measure, recognition measure, or a relearning measure

Question 20

What does decay theory propose?

Answer 20

memory traces fade with time, decay in LTM is hard to demonstrate

Question 21

What does interference theory propose?

Answer 21

people forget information because of competition from other material

Question 22

Are memories recovered spontaneously more reliable than memories recovered in therapy?

Answer 22

usually yes

Question 23

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 23

people forget memory of things prior to getting amnesia

Question 24

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 24

people who forget events that happen after getting amnesia

Question 25

What parts of the brain play a major role in memory?

Answer 25

hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe

Question 26

What do memory traces consist of?

Answer 26

localized neural circuits

Question 27

What does declarative memory handle?

Answer 27

recall of factual information like names, dates, events, and ideas

Question 28

What does nondeclarative memory handle?

Answer 28

recall of actions, skills, and operation

Question 29

What is encoding? What is storage? What is retrieval?

Answer 29

Involves forming a memory code, involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time, involves recovering information from memory stores

Question 30

What is the cocktail party phenomenon? What does this suggest?

Answer 30

People hear there name mentioned in conversation they were not paying attention to Attention involves late selection base on meaning of input

Question 31

What are people really doing when they are multitasking?

Answer 31

Switching their full attention back and forth not splitting it

Question 32

What type of encoding is involved in shallow processing? Example of question that would cause this type of processing?

Answer 32

Structural encoding which emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus Is the world written in capital letters

Question 33

What type of encoding is involved in intermediate processing? Example of question that would cause this type of processing?

Answer 33

Phonemic encoding which emphasizes what a word sounds like Does the word rhyme with weight

Question 34

What type of encoding is involved in deep processing? Example of question that would cause this type of processing?

Answer 34

Semantic encoding which emphasizes the meaning of verbal input Would the world fit in this sentence

Question 35

What is self referent encoding?

Answer 35

Deciding how or whether information is personally relevant, enhances recall

Question 36

What is iconic vs echoic memory?

Answer 36

Brief memory based on visual input or auditory input from sensory memory

Question 37

What is rehearsal?

Answer 37

The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information

Question 38

What is a chunk? Example?

Answer 38

Group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit When remembering student card I broke up number into 219-549-856

Question 39

What are the components of working memory?

Answer 39

Phonological loop, used when recitation is used to temporarily remember a phone number Visuospatial sketch pad, allows people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images Central executive, controls deployment of attention also coordinates the other components Episodic buffer, temporary limitless capacity store that serves as a link between working memory and LTM

Question 40

What are flashbulb memories?

Answer 40

Unusually video and detailed recollections of momentous events

Question 41

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 41

New info makes it hard to remember old info

Question 42

What is proactive interference?

Answer 42

Old info makes it hard to remember new info

Question 43

What is repression in Freudian theory?

Answer 43

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in The subconscious

Question 44

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 44

When participants have better call for items at the beginning and end of a list

Question 45

What is the link method?

Answer 45

Forming a mental image of items to be remember in a way that links them together

Question 46

What is the method of loci?

Answer 46

Involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items are associated with certain located

Question 47

What is hindsight bias?

Answer 47

Tendency to mound our interpretation of the past to fit how events turned out

Question 48

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 48

Implicit is automatic and requires no effort explicit requires effort and is not automatic

Question 49

What helps us remember?

Answer 49

Deeper encoding, self referent encoding, imagery, mnemonics, chunking, time and spacing, hierarchy

Question 50

What parts of HM memory were intact or impaired?

Answer 50

Impaired episodic and explicit (couldn’t form new memories) Intact semantic and procedural memory (couldn’t remembering doing a task but he still got better at it)

Question 51

What is episodic vs semantic memory?

Answer 51

Episodic is recollections of personal experiences and semantic is general knowledg