Motivation & Emotion

Question 1

What are motives?

Answer 1

needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions and to achieve certain goals

Question 2

What is motivation?

Answer 2

goal directed behaviour, a hypothetical concept, not seen directly but it is inferred

Question 3

What are drive theories?

Answer 3

view motivational forces in terms of drives, apply the concept of homeostasis to behaviour

Internal states of tension (due to disruptions in homeostasis) push organisms in certain directions

Question 4

What is drives?

Answer 4

an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce this tension

Question 5

What can drive theories not explain?

Answer 5

thirst for knowledge, eating when not hungry, etc…

Question 6

What do incentive theories propose?

Answer 6

external stimuli regulate motivational states

External goals pull organisms in certain directions

Question 7

What are incentives? Examples?

Answer 7

an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour

ice cream, a promotion, good grades

Question 8

How are drive and incentive theories contrasted?

Answer 8

push-versus-pull theories

drive theories focus on how internal states push people certain directions and incentive theoreis focus on how external stimuli pull people certain directions

Question 9

What do evolutionary theories propose? What motives do they explain this way?

Answer 9

human motives are products of evolution, natural selection favours behaviour that max reproduction success

affiliation, achievement, dominance, aggresion, sex drive

Question 10

What do all motivational theorists agreee on?

Answer 10

huumans display a lot of diversity in their motives

biological and social

Question 11

What is Maslow’s model?

Answer 11

hierarchy of needs

deficiency needs are the ones at the bottom, if the lower needs are not being fulfilled you will be preoccupied with them and you won’t be able to move higher up the pyramid

Question 12

What are some problems with the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 12

altruism, some people neglect lower needs to achieve higher needs, what about power and aggression, what about autonomy, is it universal

Question 13

What are some examples of social needs?

Answer 13

achievement (wanting to suceed and excel), affiliation (wanting to be with others, acceptance), intimacy (interpersonal relations, quality of relations), power (influence, control, and haing an impact)

Question 14

What does research tell us about personal fullfilment?

Answer 14

Autonomy, competence and relatedness as fundamental needs contributing to personal fulfilment

Question 15

Where is hunger controlled?

Answer 15

hypothalamus (controls survival instincts), part of the endocrine system and is influenced by blood glucose, leptin, and insulin

stomach sends signal to brain based on the distention of stomach wall (fullness), and richness of nutrients in stomach

Question 16

What can influence food consumption?

Answer 16

palatability (how tasty), quantity available, variety, presence of others, stress

Question 17

What percent of canadians are obese/overweight?

Answer 17

20% of canadians are obese

40% of men and 30% of women are overweight

Question 18

What is the relationship between BMI and health issues? Which health issues are related?

Answer 18

as BMI increases the health issues increase

heart diseases, hypertension (high blood pressure), musculoskeletal pain

Question 19

What are some problems with BMI?

Answer 19

doesn’t consider body composition

someone who is very muscular can be labeled obese because they weigh a lot (good estimate tho)

Question 20

Is weight partially genetic?

Answer 20

yes, correlation between twins and weight

Question 21

What are eating disorders the product of?

Answer 21

media and cultural values

Question 22

What is the criteria for anorexia nervosa? What are some associated symptoms?

Answer 22

Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight (weight is 85% of less of what it should be, BMI below 17.5), intense fear of gaining weight, disturbance in the perception of one’s body

obsession with food and strenous excercise, high mortality rate

Question 23

What are the causes of anorexia?

Answer 23

culture and family , disengaged or overprotective families with high standards, perfectionistic,
underlying feelings of worthlessness,
weight control to deal with other issues

Question 24

What is the criteria for bulimia?

Answer 24

Out of control eating followed by self-induced vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise (binging and purging), Binges occur twice a week and for at least 3 months

Question 25

What are some causes of bulimia?

Answer 25

dieting/restrained eating, family history of obesity, alchoholism, depression, or anxiety

Question 26

What is a binge eating disorder?

Answer 26

binges without purging

Question 27

What are the four stages in the sexual response cycle?

Answer 27

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and reosultion

Question 28

When does orgasm occur?

Answer 28

when sexual arousal reaches a peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions in the pelic area

Question 29

What gender typically orgasms more?

Answer 29

Men, orgasm gap

Question 30

What is a refractory period?

Answer 30

The time following orgasm where they are mostly unresponsive to further stimulation Can vary from a few minutes to hours, increases with age

Question 31

What is the parental investment theory?

Answer 31

A species mating patterns depend on what each sex needs to invest to produce and nurture the offspring The sex with the smaller investment will compete for mating opportunities and the sex with the larger investment will be more selective

Question 32

What is the difference in the interest of sex between gender?

Answer 32

Men throughout life are more driven towards sex Decreases with age on average for both but women still is less

Question 33

What are some criticisms on evolutionary theories explanation on sex?

Answer 33

Women’s focus on a man’s material resources could be from cultural or economic reasons rather than evolution Gender disparity between men and women regarding sex can be explained by the cultural suppression of female sexuality (purity culture)

Question 34

What does sexual orientation mean?

Answer 34

A persons preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same, opposite, or either sex

Question 35

What is the Kinsey continuum?

Answer 35

Sexuality is a spectrum from being completely straight to completely gat

Question 36

Does same sex orientation have a hereditary basis?

Answer 36

Yes, twin studies with a gay man and his twin or adopted brother showed this More identical twins were also gay, then fraternal, then adopted were the least likely to also be agu

Question 37

What is the affiliation motive?

Answer 37

The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds

Question 38

Which genders sexuality appears to be more plastic?

Answer 38

Women

Question 39

Have environmental explanations of same sex attraction been proven?

Answer 39

No it is not supported by research

Question 40

Can prenatal hormonal secretion influence sexual orientation?

Answer 40

Research suggests that idiosyncrasies is prenatal hormone secretion may influence sexual orientation

Question 41

Who pioneered the use of the TAT? What is it used for?

Answer 41

David McClelland Measure individual differences in need for achievement

Question 42

What do people who score high in the need for achievement tend to do?

Answer 42

Work harder and persistently, delay gratification, choose challenges with intermediate difficulty

Question 43

What part of the hypothalamus plays a role in regulating hunger?

Answer 43

Neural circuits passing through the arcuate and paraventricular areas

Question 44

What does the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, and leptin do?

Answer 44

Stomach contractions and increased hunger Carry satiety signals from intestine to brain Provides hypothalamus with info about fat stores

Question 45

Why is there huge cultural variations in eating habits?

Answer 45

Food preferences are controlled by exposure People are exposed to different foods in different cultures

Question 46

What happens to the pursuit of achievement when the probability of success and incentive value are higher?

Answer 46

It tends to increase People like to be succesful and gain things (more likely to try if something good can be gained)

Question 47

Does the fear of failure influence pursuit of achievement?

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

What are the evolutionary roots of the affiliation motivation?

Answer 48

To promote survival and reproductive benefits

Question 49

What is ostracism? What is it often the result of?

Answer 49

Being ignored and excluded by the group bullying

Question 50

What can ostracism lead to?

Answer 50

Reduction in self esteem, increased negative mood, increased neural activity in parts of the brain that are associated with physical pain

Question 51

what does the cognitive component of emotion consist of?

Answer 51

Subjective feelings that are often intense and difficult to control

Question 52

What does a persons cognitive appraisal of an event influence?

Answer 52

The emotions people experience in regards to that event

Question 53

What is affective forecasting?

Answer 53

People are surprisingly bad at predicting the intensity and duration of their emotional reaction to events

Question 54

What is the physiological component of emotion?

Answer 54

Autonomic system arousal

Question 55

What is a polygraph? Is it accurate?

Answer 55

A lie detector that detect changes in sweat, breathing, and heart rate (emotional arousal) No it detects emotions

Question 56

What is the role of the amygdala in emotion?

Answer 56

Is at the core of a complex set of neural circuits that process emotion, especially fear

Question 57

What is the behavioral component of emotion?

Answer 57

Emotions are revealed through body language

Question 58

What is the minimum amount of emotions most people can identify using facial expressions?

Answer 58

6

Question 59

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 59

Facial muscles send signals to the brain that aid in the recognition of emotions

Question 60

Across cultures, do people agree on the identification of emotions based of facial expressions?

Answer 60

Yes

Question 61

Where are the disparities between cultures in terms of emotion?

Answer 61

How they are categorized and in public displays of emotion

Question 62

What is the James Lange theory?

Answer 62

Conscious experience of emotions results from someone’s perception of autonomic arousal

Question 63

What is the Cannon Bard theory?

Answer 63

Emotions originate in Subcortical regions of brain

Question 64

What is the two factor theory?

Answer 64

People infer emotions from autonomic arousal and then label it according to their cognitive explanation for the arousal

Question 65

What is the evolutionary theories of emotion?

Answer 65

Emotions are innate reactions that do not depend on cognitive processes

Question 66

What is and isn’t correlated with happiness?

Answer 66

Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness are uncorrelated Physical health, good relationships, and religious convictions have a moderate correlation Love, marriage, work satisfaction, personality, and genetic have a strong Correlation

Question 67

How are arguments usually marred?

Answer 67

Fallacies, weak analogies, circular reasoning, slippery slope scenarios, and false dichotomies