learning :)

Question 1

any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience
-excludes both temporary and permanent changes caused by motivation, fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

whenever a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both
-requires little to no awareness or thought

Answer 2

associative learning

Question 3

type of learning that happens unconsciously (based on what happens BEFORE we respond)

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

rang a bell shortly before presenting food to the dogs. at first, the dogs elicited no response to the bells. however, eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

Answer 4

pavolv’s experiment

Question 5

a stimulus that does not evoke a response

Answer 5

neutral stimulus

Question 6

a stimulus innately capable of producing a response

Answer 6

unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

unconditioned response

Question 8

the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment (based on CONSEQUENCES of responding)
-refers mainly to learning voluntary responses

Answer 8

operant conditioning

Question 9

events that proceed a behavior

Answer 9

antecedents

Question 10

positive consequence

Answer 10

reinforcer

Question 11

negative consequence

Answer 11

punisher

Question 12

a stimulus that, because of learning, elicits a response

Answer 12

conditioned stimulus

Question 13

a learned response elicited b an conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

conditioned response

Question 14

understanding, knowing, anticipating, or otherwise using information-rich higher mental processes

Answer 14

cognitive learning

Question 15

training

Answer 15

acquisition

Question 16

a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce a further learning

Answer 16

higher order conditioning

Question 17

classical conditioning can be weakened by removing the connection between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 17

extinction

Question 18

the return of a learned response after apparent extinction

Answer 18

spontaneous recovery

Question 19

the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus

Answer 19

stimulus generalization

Question 20

the ability to respond differently to various stimuli

Answer 20

stimulus discrimination

Question 21

learned emotional reaction to previously neutral stimulus

Answer 21

conditioned emotional responses

Question 22

apparently, the infant associated the white rat with the noise. the rat, originally a neutral stimulus, had become a conditioned stimulus, and was eliciting an emotional response (conditioned response) similar to the distress (unconditioned response) originally given to the noise (unconditioned stimulus)

Answer 22

little albert experiment , john be watson

Question 23

reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

Answer 23

systematic desensitization

Question 24

classical conditioning brought by observing another person to a particular stimulus

Answer 24

vicarious or secondhand conditioning

Question 25

the probability of a response is altered by the effect that it has had

Answer 25

law of effect

Question 26

a rat in the box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current which caused it some discomfort. as the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. immediately it did so the electric current would be switched off.

Answer 26

skinner box

Question 27

the gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern

Answer 27

shaping

Question 28

back and forth conversations in which the teacher follows the child's lead by responding to the child's comment or question in a way that keeps the conversation going

Answer 28

response contingent

Question 29

a linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement

Answer 29

response chain

Question 30

learned responses that are not reinforced fade away gradually

Answer 30

operant extinction

Question 31

making a response removes an unpleasant event

Answer 31

negative reinforcement

Question 32

occurs when a response is followed by an award or other positive event

Answer 32

positive reinforcement

Question 33

decrease the likelihood that the response will occur again, by adding discomfort -spanking if child acts out

Answer 33

positive punishment

Question 34

decrease responding, does by ending (negating or taking away) something pleasant -taking away recess privilege from a child that is acting out

Answer 34

negative punishment

Question 35

stimuli present when an operant response is acquired, tend to control when and where the response is made

Answer 35

stimulus control

Question 36

the tendency to respond in the presence of stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement

Answer 36

operant stimulus generalization

Question 37

stimuli that precede reinforced and non reinforced responses

Answer 37

discriminative stimuli

Question 38

a reinforcer follows every correct response -useful for learning new responses

Answer 38

continuous reinforcement

Question 39

reinforcers do not follow every response

Answer 39

partial reinforcement

Question 40

produce comfort, end discomfort or fill on immediate physical need -natural, nonlearned and rooted in biology -sex, food,water

Answer 40

primary reinforcers

Question 41

responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction

Answer 41

partial reinforcement effect

Question 42

often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer -nonlearned -money, praise, attention and approval, success, affection, grades

Answer 42

secondary reinforcers

Question 43

desires for attention and approval

Answer 43

social reinforcer

Question 44

an arrangement in which reinforcement is given after a specified number of responses

Answer 44

fixed ratio

Question 45

behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses

Answer 45

variable ratio

Question 46

the first response that occurs after a set interval has elasped is reinforced

Answer 46

fixed interval

Question 47

reinforcement is presented for the first response after a variable period elasped since the previous reinforcement

Answer 47

variable interval

Question 48

to make a response in order to end an averse stimulus

Answer 48

escape learning

Question 49

learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort

Answer 49

avoidance learning

Question 50

occurring without obvious reinforcement and remaining hidden until reinforcement was provided

Answer 50

latent learning

Question 51

watching and imitating the action of another person or noting the consequence of those actions

Answer 51

observational learning

Question 52

internal representations of an area, such as a maze, city, or campus

Answer 52

cognitive maps

Question 53

information returned to a person about the effects of a response has had -most effective when immediate, frequent, and detailed

Answer 53

feedback

Question 54

any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners

Answer 54

programmed instruction

Question 55

learning based on insight and understanding

Answer 55

discovery learning

Question 56

mechanical repetition and memorization

Answer 56

rote learning

Question 57

when an observer imitates a role model, or when a person produces a specific behavior (acting as a model) that may then be imitated.

Answer 57

modeling

Question 58

a team of researchers who physically and verbally abused an inflatable doll in front of preschool-age children, which led the children to later mimic the behavior of the adults by attacking the doll in the same fashion.

Answer 58

bobo doll experiment , albert bandura