Learning

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

Any relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience/practice

Question 2

Define Pavlov’s Serendipitous Discovery

Answer 2

Discovers classical condition

Question 3

Define classical conditioning

Answer 3

Form of learning involving associations between environmental stiumli and organism’s response

Question 4

What is a reflex

Answer 4

US causing UR

Question 5

What is the following an example of: loud noise causing you to orient a certain way

Answer 5

Reflex: noise = US, orientation = UR

Question 6

Define a US

Answer 6

Uncond. stim.; stim. eliciting response in absence of learning

Question 7

Define a UR

Answer 7

Uncond. response: reflexive response elicited by stim. in absence of learning

Question 8

Define NS

Answer 8

Neutral stim.: stimulus not yet producing any effect

Question 9

Define CS

Answer 9

Conditioned stim: NS eventually elicits CR after being associated with US

Question 10

Define CR

Answer 10

Conditioned response: reponse ellicited by CS, occuring after CS associated with US

Question 11

Define higher-order conditioning

Answer 11

NS becomes CS through association with already-established CS

Question 12

Define conditioned emotional response

Answer 12

Emotional response that has been classically conditioned (fear)

Question 13

Who conducted the Little Albert experiment

Answer 13

John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Question 14

What was done to Little Albert in his experiment

Answer 14

Conditioned to be afriad of white rats by pairing them with an US (loud noise)

Question 15

Define stimulus generalization

Answer 15

Tendency to response to stimuli similar, but not identical, to CCS

Question 16

Define discrimination

Answer 16

Learned ability to distinguish between stimuliD

Question 17

Define extinction

Answer 17

Weakening, eventual dissapearance of a learned response; CS presented repeatedly without US

Question 18

Why are humans able to be subjected to classical conditioning?

Answer 18

Due to it having an adapted value

Question 19

Define biological preparedness

Answer 19

Innate readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (taste aversion)

Question 20

Define learning to like

Answer 20

Positive emotion response to object, person, symbol, event, place, etc

Question 21

What is one mechanism of goal-directed behaviour

Answer 21

Law of effect

Question 22

Who coined goal-directed behaviour

Answer 22

Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 23

Define law of effect

Answer 23

Probability of action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a positive consequence

Question 24

Define operant conditioning

Answer 24

Learning depends on what happens after response (consequence)

Question 25

Who coined operant conditioning

Answer 25

BF Skinner

Question 26

Define operant response

Answer 26

Voluntary

Question 27

Define reinforcement

Answer 27

Stimulus increases likelihood of behaviour

Question 28

Define punishment

Answer 28

Stimulus decreases likelihood of behaviour

Question 29

Define positive reinforcement

Answer 29

Presenting something good

Question 30

Define negative reinforcement

Answer 30

Removing something bad

Question 31

Define positive consequence

Answer 31

Getting something bad

Question 32

Define negative consequnce

Answer 32

Losing something good

Question 33

How do animals learn training from humans

Answer 33

Learn by getting reinforcement (sitting = treat)

Question 34

What are the two types of reinforcement

Answer 34

Partial, continuous

Question 35

Define partial reinforcement

Answer 35

Sometimes reinforced, sometimes no

Question 36

Define continuous reinforcement

Answer 36

Desired response every time it occurs

Question 37

Which type of reinforcement is most effective

Answer 37

Continuous

Question 38

What are the 4 types of schedules of reinforcement

Answer 38

Fixed ratio; variable ratio; fixed interval; variable interval

Question 39

Define Fixed Ratio sched

Answer 39

Reward after a set # of responses, higher response rate

Question 40

Define variable ratio sched

Answer 40

Reward after unpredictable # of responses, highest response rate, greatest resistance to extinction

Question 41

Define fixed interval sched

Answer 41

Reward after fixed time period, lowest response rate

Question 42

Define variable interval sched

Answer 42

Reward after varying time, slow but stable response rate

Question 43

What are the side effects of punishments (5)

Answer 43

Increased agression, learned helplessness, avoidance behaviour, modelling, temporary surpression

Question 44

Define learned helplessness

Answer 44

Tendency to fail to act to escape from situation due to repeated failure (giving up)

Question 45

Define cognitive social learning

Answer 45

Perspective emphasizing role of thinking (anticipating), social learning behaviour

Question 46

Define observational learning

Answer 46

Learning through observation by imitating models, learning without direct experience, attention, memory (classic Bobo doll experiment)

Question 47

Define insight learning

Answer 47

Wolfgang Kohler; more to learning to solving complex problems than just trial and error; sudden understanding of problem implying solution

Question 48

Define latent learning

Answer 48

Edward Tolman; experiment with rats in maze, proving that they can learn to navigate even without a reinforcement; hidden learning existing without behavioural signs

Question 49

Define cognitive map

Answer 49

Internal images, other mental representations of an area underlining ability to choose alternative paths towards same goal