Memory

Question 1

Selective attention

Answer 1

Focusing on one piece of info, placing other info in background

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

Internal record/representation of some prior event/experience

Question 3

What are the 3 basic levels of info processing model

Answer 3

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 4

Encoding

Answer 4

Info converted to neural code

Question 5

Storage

Answer 5

Retained in appropriate area of brain

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

Act of bringing to mind material stored in memory

Question 7

Sensory memory + types

Answer 7

System holding info coming through senses for less than few seconds; iconic vs echoic

Question 8

Iconic memory

Answer 8

Visual info, 0.5sec

Question 9

Echoic memory

Answer 9

Auditory memory, 4sec

Question 10

Short term memory (4)

Answer 10

Info stored less than 30sec without rehearsal
Working memory
Active maintenace of info
12-30sec

Question 11

How many things can STM remember at once

Answer 11

7

Question 12

Which type of memory can be interfered with

Answer 12

Short term

Question 13

Displacement

Answer 13

STM holding max info, each new item in pushes one old out

Question 14

Chunking

Answer 14

Combining small pieces of info into larger clusters

Question 15

Long term memory + 2 types

Answer 15

Multiple forms
Unlimited capacity
Relatively permanent
Types: explicit, implicit

Question 16

Explicit LTM + types

Answer 16

Conscious recall
Semantic (facts, general knowledge)
Episodic (personally experienced events)

Question 17

Implicit LTM + types

Answer 17

No conscious recall
Procedural (motor, cognitive skills)
Priming (enhanced identification of objects, words)

Question 18

Consolidation

Answer 18

Info moving from STM to LTM due to neural assemblies

Question 19

Neural assemblies

Answer 19

Physical change in neurons where specific neural pathways are built thanks to repeated practice

Question 20

Long term potentiation (3)

Answer 20

Prolonged action at synapses
Repeated stim of synpases causes dendrites to grow more spines
2 neurons fire tgt = strong synapse

Question 21

Patient Henry Molaison case

Answer 21

Epileptic seizures lead to hippocampus removal, then leads to
1. anterograde amnesia
2. loss of declarative memory (explicit)
3. retainment of procedural memory (implicit)

Question 22

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 22

Can’t remember anything new from point of injury due to incapability of forming LTM

Question 23

Hippocampus

Answer 23

Feeds memories to other parts of brain for storage

Question 24

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 24

Loss of memory from point of injury past (can only make new memories)

Question 25

Is memory a process or anatomical structure

Answer 25

Process

Question 26

How does hormonal changes affect memory

Answer 26

1. Emotional arousal = stronger memory 2. Fight-flight (epinephrine, glucose, cortisol, proteins) 3. Amygdala signals hippocampus and cortex

Question 27

Flashbulb memory

Answer 27

Vivd images of circumstances associated with surprising, strong emotional events

Question 28

Forgetting memory

Answer 28

Inability to retrieve info still stored in LTM

Question 29

Encoding failure

Answer 29

Info never enters LTM (difficult for some memories without effort)

Question 30

Retrieval failure types

Answer 30

1. tip of tongue (Blocking) 2. interference: 2 competing memories

Question 31

Types of interference

Answer 31

Retroactive (new interferes with old) Proactive (old interferes with new)

Question 32

Absentmindedness

Answer 32

Lapse of attention resulting in memory failure

Question 33

Transcience (decay)

Answer 33

Memory degrades over time with no explanation

Question 34

Memory as reconstruction

Answer 34

Not exact replica of event Highlights pieced together with info sometimes inaccurate

Question 35

Why is memory not always accurate

Answer 35

Sake of effeciency, logic, consistency

Question 36

Schema (3)

Answer 36

Mental rep. of world Framework of knowledge, assumptions about people objects events Affects encoding, info recall

Question 37

Misinfo effect

Answer 37

Memory distorted by post-event info Ex: mem as reconstruction, eyewitness testimonies

Question 38

Eidetic memory

Answer 38

Retain image of visual stim for several minutes once it's no longer in sight

Question 39

Serial position effect

Answer 39

Tendency to remember items first/last on list

Question 40

Recency effect

Answer 40

Recall last items only

Question 41

Primary effect

Answer 41

Recall first items only

Question 42

State-dependant memory

Answer 42

Recall improved when retrieval happens in emotional state

Question 43

Context-dependant

Answer 43

Recall improved when in same context as initial event

Question 44

Automatic processing

Answer 44

Encoding without effort or awareness

Question 45

Elaborative processing

Answer 45

Actively making meaningful associations between old/new info

Question 46

Types of measuring

Answer 46

Recall: retrieval without cues Recognition: with cues

Question 47

Retrieval cue

Answer 47

Info associated with shared knowledge helps bring it to mind

Question 48

Spaced practice

Answer 48

Rehearsal over time, better LTM recall

Question 49

Massed practice

Answer 49

Long learning session, worse LTM recall

Question 50

Visual imagery encoding (mnemonics) + types

Answer 50

Storing new info by converting into mental pictures First letter technique, method of Loci, keyword method

Question 51

Organizational encoding

Answer 51

Categorizing info by noticing relationship among series of itemsO

Question 52

Overlearning

Answer 52

Practice, study beyond where repeated once without error