Learning

Question 1

reflexes

Answer 1

inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that promotes welfare
- eg. goosebumps

Question 2

instincts

Answer 2

inborn patterns of behavior from environmental stimuli - requires more neurons than reflexes
eg. contagious yawning

Question 3

1. associative learning

Answer 3

connecting stimuli and behaviours (predicts future based on past experience)
1. classical conditioning: connections between 2 stimuli happening sequentially
2. operant conditioning: connection between behaviors and their outcomes

Question 4

2. nonassociative learning

Answer 4

changes in magnitude of responses to stimulus
1. habiutation: reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease
2. sensitization: increased reaction to many stimuli after exposure to one stimulus
eg. exaggerated responses to movement or noise after earthquake

Question 5

3. observational learning

Answer 5

one organism watches actions of another and learns

Question 6

conditioned

Answer 6

something that must be learned

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

learning that happens when neutral stimulus becomes associated w/ stimulus that naturally produces a behavior

Question 8

CS

Answer 8

conditioned stimulus
- stimulus who’s significance is learned through classical conditioning

Question 9

UCS

Answer 9

unconditioned stimulus
- elicits response w/o prior experience

Question 10

CR

Answer 10

conditioned response
- response learned through classical conditioning

Question 11

UCR

Answer 11

unconditioned response
- response to unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience
eg. jumping at a sound

Question 12

Pavlov’s conditioning - before

Answer 12

food (UCS) produces salivation (UCR) and metronome produces no reliable responding

Question 13

pavlov’s conditiong - during

Answer 13

sound of metronome is followed by food (UCS) which produces salivation (UCR)

Question 14

pavlov’s conditioning - after

Answer 14

metronome (CS) produces salivation (CR)

Question 15

acquisition

Answer 15

development of CR

Question 16

extinction

Answer 16

reduction of CR
- spontaneous recovery: during extinction training, reappearance of conditioned responses after period of rest

Question 17

inhibition

Answer 17

CS predicts non-occurrence of UCS

Question 18

generalization

Answer 18

response to stimuli that’s similar to original conditioned stimulus

Question 19

discrimination

Answer 19

learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

Question 20

high order conditioning

Answer 20

stimuli associated w/ CS also elicit CR

Question 21

latent inhibition

Answer 21

slower learning that occurs when CS is already familiar compared to when it’s unfamiliar

Question 22

element of surprise

Answer 22

Rescorla and Wagner
- learning occurs as function of how surprising association between CS and UCS appears

Question 23

taste aversion

Answer 23

Garcia and Robert Koelling
- types of stimuli used as CS and UCS matter that some combinations are learned faster than others

Question 24

aversion therapy

Answer 24

application of counterconditioning where CS is paired w/ unpleasurable UCS

Question 25

systematic desensitization

Answer 25

counterconditioning where people relax while exposed to stimuli that evoke fear

Question 26

addiction

Answer 26

environmental cues (CS) associated w/ effects of substance use (UCS) continue to evoke craving (CR) for drug

Question 27

overcoming fear w/ exposure therapy

Answer 27

treating phobias by exposing people to fear-producing stimuli

Question 28

Law of effect

Answer 28

Edward Thorndike - cat try to escape - behavior will be "stamped into" organism's repertoire depending on consequences of behavior

Question 29

positive reinforcement

Answer 29

increases frequency of its associated behavior by providing desired outcome

Question 30

Premack principle

Answer 30

whatever behavior an organism spends the most time and energy doing is probs import to them

Question 31

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 31

reinforcer that gains value from being associated w/ other things that're valued

Question 32

negative reinforcement

Answer 32

method for increasing behaviors that allow organism to escape/avoid unpleasant consequences

Question 33

positive punishment

Answer 33

aversive stimulus causes consequence that eliminates/reduces frequency of behavior

Question 34

negative punishment

Answer 34

reduce behavior by removing something desirable when target behavior is performed

Question 35

partial reinforcement

Answer 35

reinforcement of desired behavior on some occasions but not others

Question 36

FR (fixed ratio) and VR (variable ratio)

Answer 36

following set number of behaviors

Question 37

FI (fixed interval)

Answer 37

first response following specified interval is reinforced

Question 38

VI (variable interval)

Answer 38

first response following varying period is reinforced

Question 39

partial reinforcement effect in extinction

Answer 39

more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial reinforcement

Question 40

operant conditioning

Answer 40

increasing frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur - aka: shaping

Question 41

latent learning

Answer 41

occurs in absence of reinforcement

Question 42

instinctive drift

Answer 42

instinctive behaviors often interfered w/ training

Question 43

token economy

Answer 43

tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase frequency of desirable behaviors

Question 44

observational therapy

Answer 44

copying behavior that's unlikely to occur naturally/spontaneously - attention, retention, reproduction and motivation