Memory

Question 1

info processing continuum

Answer 1

flows from bottom up and top down

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval

Question 3

1. encoding

Answer 3

acquiring info and transferring it to memory

Question 4

2. storage

Answer 4

retention of info in brain

Question 5

3. retrieval

Answer 5

retrieval of stored info

Question 6

Atkinson-Shriffrin model

Answer 6

if memory isn’t transferred to next stage, it’s permanently lost - three stages

Question 7

1. sensory memory

Answer 7

• holds ENORMOUS amounts of sensory memory
• data remains for less than a second

Question 8

2. STM

Answer 8

short-term memory
- hold small amount of info for limited time
1. rehearsal: repetition of info
2. chunking: grouping similar info together

Question 9

3. LTM

Answer 9

long-term memory
- levels of processing theory: depth of processing applied to info that predicts its ease of retrieval (Craik and Lockhart)
- info goes from short-term to long-term w/ rehearsal

Question 10

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 10

simple repetition

Question 11

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 11

linking new material to stuff u already know

Question 12

working memory

Answer 12

allows us to make sense of, modify, interpret and store info in short term memory
eg. visualizing a drawing before designing it

Question 13

serial position effect

Answer 13

primary effect: remembering first items on a list
recency effect: remembering last words on a list

Question 14

declarative memory

Answer 14

consciously retrieved memory that’s easily to verbalize
eg. explicit memory

Question 15

nondeclarative

Answer 15

unconsciously, easily retrieved memory
eg. typing

Question 16

semantic

Answer 16

general knowledge
eg. whats a churro

Question 17

episodic memory

Answer 17

personal experience
eg. vacay at beach

Question 18

autobiographical

Answer 18

semantic or episodic that refers to self

Question 19

procedural memory

Answer 19

how to carry out skilled movement

Question 20

priming

Answer 20

change in response to stimulus coz of exposure to previous stimulus

Question 21

hippocampus and memory

Answer 21

consolidation of info into long-term memory

Question 22

cerebral cortex and memory

Answer 22

semantic, episodic and autobiographical memories

Question 23

basal ganglia and memory

Answer 23

procedural memories

Question 24

spreading activation model

Answer 24

connectionist theory - people organize general knowledge based on individual experiences

Question 25

schema

Answer 25

set of expectations baout objects and situations

Question 26

Sternberg - why we retrieve memories

Answer 26

we go through STM one item at a time instead of all at once

Question 27

cue

Answer 27

stimulus that aids retrieval

Question 28

encoding specificity

Answer 28

memories incorporate unique combos of info when encoded

Question 29

reconstruction

Answer 29

rebuilding memory out of stored elements

Question 30

flashbulb memory

Answer 30

especially vivid and detailed memory of emotional event

Question 31

forgetting

Answer 31

decrease in ability to remember a previously formed memory

Question 32

decay

Answer 32

can't grab rarely used info over time

Question 33

interference

Answer 33

competition between newer and older info in memory

Question 34

proactive interference

Answer 34

reduced memory for target info bc of earlier learning

Question 35

retroactive interference

Answer 35

reduced memory for target info coz of subsequent learning

Question 36

LTP - long term potentiation

Answer 36

better communication between 2 neurons coz of synchronous activation - number of axon terminals increases following sensitization and decrease following habituation

Question 37

ACh and memory

Answer 37

affects encoding of new info

Question 38

NDMA N-methyl-D-aspartate

Answer 38

learning-related changes like the ones in LTP

Question 39

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Answer 39

sensory input -> sensory memory -> STM -> LTM