Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, capability, or attitude to illness, injury or maturation

Doesn’t include

1. Short term changes
2. Physical changes

Question 2

Classical learning

Answer 2

The most simplest

Association is learned between one stimulus and another

Also called classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

We associate one thing with another, a positive or negative attitude
A name, gesture, style, manner

Question 4

Reflexes

Answer 4

Involuntary responses to a particular stimulus

Include both conditioned and unconditioned

Question 5

Unconditioned reflex

Answer 5

Inborn, automatic, unlearned response to a particular stimulus

Built into our nervous system

Question 6

Conditioned reflexes

Answer 6

Learned reflexes, as opposed to naturally occurring ones

Question 7

Unconditioned response

Answer 7

A response that is invariably elicited by the unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

A stimulus that elicits a specific response without prior learning

Question 9

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response

Question 10

Conditioned response

Answer 10

A response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The weakening and often eventual disappearance of a learned response

Weakened by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance of am extinguished response when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period

Question 13

Generalization (Classical learning)

Answer 13

The tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli

Question 15

Higher order conditioning

Answer 15

Takes place when a neutral stimulus is paired with an existing conditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it, and gains the power to elicit the same conditioned response

Question 16

What are the 4 factors that effect classical conditioning

Answer 16

1. The number of pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
2. The intensity of the unconditioned stimulus
3. How reliably the conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus(must always and only follow the stimulus)
4. The temporal relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus (conditioned stimulus must occur shortly before the unconditioned stimulus, half a second)

Question 17

Pavlov believes:

Answer 17

Believed that the critical element in classical conditioning was the repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus

Question 18

Rescorla believes:

Answer 18

The importance factor is whether the conditioned stimulus provides information that enables the organism to reliably predict the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

Biological disposition

Answer 19

The degree to which genes prepare animals and humans to acquire or resist acquiring classically conditioned responses, are an important factor in the conditioning process

Question 20

Seligman believes:

What is taste aversion?

Answer 20

Most fears are related to the survival of the human species
Humans and animals associate only certain stimuli with particular consequences

Taste aversion - the intense dislike an/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort

Question 21

Drug tolerance

Answer 21

The user becomes progressively less affected by the drug and must take higher and higher doses tomaintain the same effects

Question 22

Operant conditioning

Answer 22

A voluntary response

A type of learning in which the consequences of behaviour tend to modify that behaviour in the future

Behaviour that is reinforced will be repeated, if ignored or punished, less likely to be repeated

Question 23

Reinforcer

Answer 23

Anything that strengthens a response or increases the probability that it will occur

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

Gradually moulding a desired behaviour by reinforcing responses that become progressively closer to it, reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response

Question 25

Skinner box

Answer 25

Invented by b.f. skinner for conducting experiments in operant conditioning A sound proof chamber with a device for delivering food and either a bar for rats to press or for pidgeons to peck

Question 26

Successive approximations

Answer 26

A series of gradual training steps, with each step becoming more like the final desired response

Question 27

Generalization (operant learning)

Answer 27

The tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus that is similar to the one for which it was originally reinforced

Question 28

Superstitious behaviour in operant learning

Answer 28

Occurs when an individual believes that a connection exists between an act and its consequences, with no relationship between the two

Question 29

Discrimitive stimulus

Answer 29

The stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behaviour is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished Emotions, people

Question 30

Reinforcement

Answer 30

Any event that increases the probability of the response that it follows

Question 31

Positive reinforcement

Answer 31

Any positive consequences that if applied after a response increases the probability of that response Working hard for a promotion, bonus, good grades

Question 32

Negative reinforcement

Answer 32

Involves learning a behaviour in order to make something unpleasant go away Turning off, getting rid

Question 33

Primary reinforcer

Answer 33

Fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning Food, sleep, termination of pain

Question 34

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 34

Acquired through learned by association with other reinforcers. Can be exchanged at a later time for other reinforcers Money, praise, grades, signals of approval, attention

Question 35

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 35

Reinforcement that is administered after every desired or correct response the most effective method of conditioning a new response

Question 36

Partial reinforcement

Answer 36

A pattern of reinforcement in which some portion, rather than 100%, of the correct responses

Question 37

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 37

Systematic programs for administering reinforcement that have a predictable effect on behaviour

Question 38

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 38

A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered after a fixed number of non reinforced correct responses Number of units needed in order to be paid

Question 39

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 39

A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered on the basis of an average ratio after a varying number of non-reinforced correct responses Maintains behaviour against extinction Gambling

Question 40

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 40

A specific time interval must pass before a response is reinforced Does not depend on the number of responses made, only on the one correct response made after the time interval has passed Has a decline in responding immediately after each reinforcement, rapid acceleration in responding before the next reinforcement Last minute studying

Question 41

Variable interval schedule

Answer 41

Eliminate the pause after reinforcement, from fixed interval schedule A reinforcer is administered on the basis of an average time after the first correct response following a varying time of non-reinforced responses Low response rate since not directly tied to the number of responses made

Question 42

form reinforcement, strongest to lowest

Answer 42

1. Fixed ratio 2. Variable-ratio 3. Fixed -interval 4. variable-interval

Question 43

Partial reinforcement

Answer 43

The greater resistance to extinction that occurs when a portion, rather than 100%, of the correct responses have been removed The lower the percentage of responses that are reinforced, the longer extinction will take when reinforcement is withheld

Question 44

The 3 factors that influence operant conditioning

Answer 44

1. The magnitude of reinforcement - magnitude of reinforcement increases, the rate of responding is higher, and resistance to extinction is higher 2. Immediacy of reinforcement - responses are conditioned more effectively when reinforcement is immediate 3. Level of motivation of the learner - more motivated=learn faster

Question 45

Punishment

Answer 45

Lowers the probability of a response by the addition of an unpleasant stimulus or removal of a pleasant stimulus Doesn’t extinguish undesirable behaviour, it suppressed the behaviour when the punishing agent is present Indicates unacceptable behaviour, doesn’t help develop appropriate behaviours Usually leads to aggression

Question 46

What increases the effect of punishment

Answer 46

1. Punishment is most effective when it is applied during the misbehaviour or as soon afterwards as possible 2. Punishment should be last resort 3. Punishment should be consistent 4. Should not be administered in anger

Question 47

Learned helplessness

Answer 47

A passive resignation to aversive conditions learned by repeated exposure to aversive events that are inescapable and unavoidable

Question 48

Observational learning

Answer 48

“Modeling” Learning that results when we observe the behaviour of others and the consequences of that behaviour Stronger when several sessions of observation precedes attempts to perform the behaviour and are then repeated in the early stages of practicing it We use it to acquire new responses or to strengthen/weaken existing ones Useful when we find ourselves in unusual situations Fears, agression(ban Duran doll), emotions are all observable

Question 49

Model

Answer 49

The person who demonstrates a behaviour or whose behaviour is imitated Effectiveness of a model is related to their status, competence, and power, age, sex, attractiveness, ethnicity