Learning

Question 1

What is the definition of learning?

Answer 1

Experience that causes a permanent change

Question 2

What is habituation?

Answer 2

Gradual reduction in responding

Question 3

When was the behaviourist movement?

Answer 3

1930s-1950s

Question 4

What does the behaviourist approach measure?

Answer 4

Observable, quantifiable behaviour

Question 5

What is the theory of behaviourism?

Answer 5

All behaviours are acquired through conditioning

Question 6

What does behaviourism disregard?

Answer 6

Mental activity; it is irrelevant and unknowable

Question 7

What is another name for classical conditioning?

Answer 7

Pavlovian conditioning

Question 8

What is the simplest definition of classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Learning by association

Question 9

What is paired in classical conditioning?

Answer 9

Two stimuli

Question 10

What are the two types of stimuli in classical conditioning?

Answer 10

Unconditioned stimulus (US), Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 11

What are the two possible responses in classical conditioning?

Answer 11

Unconditioned response (UR), Conditioned response (CR)

Question 12

What are the 5 basic principles of classical conditioning?

Answer 12

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalisation, Discrimination

Question 13

What is a neumonic to remember the principles of classical conditioning?

Answer 13

After Eating, Sarah reads German Dictionaries

Question 14

What is the first stage of classical conditioning?

Answer 14

Acquisition

Question 15

What occurs during acquisition?

Answer 15

A neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an US

Question 16

What happens to the neutral stimulus after the response has been acquired?

Answer 16

Becomes CS

Question 17

What is the second principle of classical conditioning?

Answer 17

Extinction

Question 18

What is extinction?

Answer 18

When occurences of CS decrease or disappear

Question 19

What happens to the stimuli during extinction?

Answer 19

CS no longer paired with US

Question 20

What happens to the strength of the CR during extinction?

Answer 20

Nonmotonic decrease in strength of CR

Question 21

What is the third principle of classical conditioning?

Answer 21

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 22

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 22

The reappearance of the CR after a rest period or period of lessened response

Question 23

How is the CR different during spontaneous recovery?

Answer 23

CR not as strong when CS is presented

Question 24

What is the fourth principle of classical conditioning?

Answer 24

Generalisation

Question 25

What is generalisation?

Answer 25

The tendency for stimuli resembling the CS to elicit the CR

Question 26

What is the fifth principle of classical conditioning?

Answer 26

Discrimination

Question 27

What is discrimination?

Answer 27

The ability to tell the difference between the CS and similar (unpaired) stimuli

Question 28

What type of response is conditioned in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

Answer 28

Fear response conditioning

Question 29

What was the US in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

Answer 29

Loud (clanging) noise

Question 30

What was the CS in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

Answer 30

White rat

Question 31

What was the UR in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

Answer 31

Fear as a result of the noise

Question 32

What was the CR in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

Answer 32

Fear in the presence of the white rat

Question 33

What is habituation?

Answer 33

The gradual reduction in response after repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus

Question 34

How did Pavlov teach his dogs to salivate to the sound of a buzzer?

Answer 34

He paired the tone over time with the presentation of food

Question 35

Which period of training typically starts with a gradual increase in learning, which starts low, rises rapidly and then slowly tapers off?

Answer 35

Aquisiton

Question 36

Which part of the brain is essential to fear conditioning?

Answer 36

Amygdala

Question 37

What is instrumental behaviour?

Answer 37

Behaviour that requires an organism to act, solve a problem, or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment

Question 38

When does stimulus control take place?

Answer 38

When a particular response occurs only when a particular stimulus is presented

Question 39

What is a study where pigeons are trained to discriminate between different artworks investigating?

Answer 39

Stimulus control

Question 40

Where is the reticular formation located?

Answer 40

In the medulla

Question 41

What is the function of the reticular formation?

Answer 41

To regulate sleep, wakefulness and levels of arousal

Question 42

What are three pleasure centres in the brain?

Answer 42

Nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, hypothalamus

Question 43

What is observational learning?

Answer 43

Learning that takes place by watching the actions of others (without reinforcement)

Question 44

Which type of conditioning is John B Watson associated with?

Answer 44

Classical conditioning

Question 45

Which type of conditioning is B F Skinner associated with?

Answer 45

Operant conditioning

Question 46

What is second-order conditioning?

Answer 46

When the CS becomes the US

Question 47

Give an example of second-order conditioning

Answer 47

Money being valued in itself

Question 48

What is the idea of the Rescorla Wagner model?

Answer 48

Learning is based on expectation and fulfilment - surprise increases learning

Question 49

When does classical conditioning occur in the Rescorla Wagner model?

Answer 49

When the animal has learned to set up an expectation

Question 50

What is the effect of a reinforcer?

Answer 50

Increases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

Question 51

What is the effect of a punisher?

Answer 51

Decreases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

Question 52

What did Tolman's research focus on?

Answer 52

Latent learning and cognitive maps

Question 53

What does latent learning contribute to?

Answer 53

The development of cognitive maps

Question 54

What are cognitive maps?

Answer 54

Mental representations of the features of a physical environment

Question 55

Is habituation adaptive?

Answer 55

Yes

Question 56

Can neural changes remain even after extinction and no evidence of spontaneous recovery?

Answer 56

Yes

Question 57

What happens when the same CS and US are paired again after extinction etc?

Answer 57

Acquisition phase is much faster than in earlier training

Question 58

If you no longer want to eat a certain food after it once made you ill what is this called?

Answer 58

Food aversion

Question 59

What does research say about rewarding people for doing what they love?

Answer 59

May undermine their love of the activity

Question 60

What was Skinner's theory of the development of superstitous behaviours?

Answer 60

Superstitious behaviour results from accidental reinforcement of some trivial behaviour

Question 61

What would an evolutionary perspective suggest that rats would do when placed in a multi-option maze?

Answer 61

Rats would systematically travel from arm to arm in search of food as it is the best guarantee of finding food in an environment

Question 62

How could Cecilia develop a fear of snakes without ever seeing a snake?

Answer 62

Through observational learning

Question 63

What is the best thing to do before a test?

Answer 63

Study and then get a good night's sleep

Question 64

Why is "opiate overdose" often a misnomer?

Answer 64

Victims do not have unusually high levels of morphine in their blood

Question 65

What role do homeostatic mechanisms play in heroin overdoses?

Answer 65

Failure to elicit them as a conditioned response leads to death

Question 66

How were dominant chimps taught to not steal food from subordinates?

Answer 66

They were positively reinforced for performing an incompatible behaviour

Question 67

What was a successful method for teaching rhesus monkeys to station and stay?

Answer 67

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to the goal