Learning Flashcards
Forward Conditioning
CS presented before the UCS. Required for Classical conditioning. Backward conditioning is usually unsuccessful.
Second-Order Conditioning
New CS paired with old CS. CR now the same for both.
Sensory Preconditioning
1) Neutral stimuli paired together
2) 1 neutral stimulus paired with UCS
3) Other neutral stimulus (the non-paired one) elicits CR
Contingency Explanation of Classical Conditioning
CC is a matter of learning signals for UCS. Matters is if CS is a good predictor of the UCS.
Blocking
CS must provide nonredundant information about the occurrence of the UCS.
Partial reinforcement types
1) Fixed Ratio- reinforcement after a fixed number of responses
2) Variable Ratio- reinforcement after a varied number of responses
3) Fixed Interval- reinforcement after a fixed amount of time
4) Variable Interval- reinforcement after a varied amount of time
Shaping
Baby steps until the dog does what you want them to do first so that you can then reinforce that.
Flooding vs. Implosion
Expose the patient to the CS a lot. The US is not present.
Implosion=imagine
Systematic Desensitization
Individual starts at the bottom of the hierarchy and works up while also using relaxation techniques.
Contiguity
Contingency
Blocking
Contiguity- CS before UCS and time matters
Contingency- CS is good signal for UCS
Blocking- CS is good signal for UCS, and not redundant
Conditioned Aversion
Pair undesired behavior (US) with undesired punishment (UCS)
Contingency Management
Therapies that attempt to change client behavior by altering consequences of the behavior
Behavioral contract
Written agreement that states the consequences of certain acts. Both parties agree
Time-out
Remove client from situation that might reinforce the undesired behavior
Premack principle
More preferred activity can be used to reinforce less preferred activity
Thorndike: Law of effect
Trial-and-error learning. Everything is random to get the reward.
Kohler: Insight
Animals can learn by insight too- perception of inner relationships.
Tolman: Cognitive map
Mental representation of a physical space
Biological Constraints
Inborn predispositions to learn things a certain way
Preparedness
Inborn association of certain stimuli with certain consequences. Usually associate illness with something ingested, and sights and sounds with external pain. (Garcia rats)
Instinctual Drift
Tendency to revert to a behavior specific of that species (ie- raccoon rubbing the coins together)
Ethology
Study of animal behavior under natural conditions
Lorenz!
Fixed-Action Patterns (FAP)
Action patterns that are species-specific. Triggered by releasers or supernormal stimulus (sign stimuli).
Releaser
Sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors between animals
