Learning and memory Flashcards
Encoding?
Refers to the process of putting new information into memory
Automatic processing
Information gained without effort. Things such as noticing temperature, keeping track of route your’e taking, and passively absorbing information from the environment.
Controlled processing
Effortful processing. Active memorization and study. The way you should study for school. Flashcards, study guides, things like that.
Visual encoding
Visualizing information
Acoustic encoding
Store the way information sounds
Semantic encoding
Putting information into meaningful context
Maintenance rehearsal
The reputation of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory or to store it in short term and eventually long term memory
Method of loci
Associating each item in the list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized.
Peg word system
Associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers.
Two and shoe. Three with a tree. Etc
Chunking or clustering
Memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning
Sensory memory
Fleeting type of memory storage. Consists of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory. Comes from things that we see and hear and lasts for a short time and eventually fades quickly unless it is attended to.
Short term memory
Similar to sensory memory. Usually only lasts approximately 30 seconds without rehearsal. Usually has a capacity of 7 items.
Where is short term memory housed?
The hippocampus.
Working memory
Similar to short term memory cause it’s housed by the hippocampus. Enables us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that information
Long term memory
Information that we are able to recall on demand, sometimes for the rest of our lives. Housed in the hippocampus but also the cerebral cortex
2 types: Implicit and explicit
Elaborate rehearsal
The association of information to knowledge already stored in long term memory. Associated with being able to relate the information to our own lives
Implicit memory
Our skills and conditioned responses. Non declarative.
Explicit memory
Declarative. Those memories that require conscious recall. Divided into semantic facts memory and episodic experiential memory
Recognition
Process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previous learned. Good for multiple choice tests
Relearning
You are able to learn something/recall something better and easier once you have already learned about it
Spacing effect
Explains why cramming isn’t as effective as spacing out studying over extended period of time.
Semantic network
Concepts are linked together based on similar meaning.
Context effects
A retrieval cue by which memory is aided when a person is in the location where encoding took place
Flashbulb memory
A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid ‘snapshot’ of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard.
