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Georgetown Neurophysiology_Spring 2019 > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

Act of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

An enduring change in organisms function over time

The ability to retain and recall info

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3
Q

3 main types of memory

A
  1. ultra short/sensory
  2. working/short term memory
  3. Long term memory
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4
Q

Where is working memory processed

A

Dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex in area 9 and 46

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5
Q

What is the hallmark of memory deficit

A

As the delay gets longer, the harder it becomes to retain/remember info

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6
Q

Two types of Long-term memory

A

declarative -, conscious, explicit

non-declarative-non-conscious, implicit

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7
Q

4 sub-types of non-declarative long term memory

A
  1. non-associative
  2. Priming
  3. Procedural
  4. Conditioning
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8
Q

2 sub-types of declarative long term memory

A
  1. Episodic

2. Semantic

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9
Q

What is non-associative memory?

A

telling the difference between relevant and irrelevant stimuli

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10
Q

2 sub-types of non-associative LTM are________

A
  1. Habituation ( non-damaging stimuli, decreased NM )

2. Senstization ( damaging stimuii, increased NM)

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11
Q

Opposite of habituation is___________

A

Sensitization

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12
Q

Compare and contrast sensitization and classical conditioning

A

Sensitization and conditions are both non-declarative long term memories

sensitization is subtype of a non-associative LTM. long lasting effect

classical conditioning is a sub-type of conditioning LTM and is associative memory

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13
Q

When will habituation not occur?

A

when the stimuli is damaging or painful

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14
Q

When will sensitization occur?

A

When the stimuli is damaging or painful

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15
Q

Priming is_________

A

facilitated processing in which a certain pattern is given and subject continues pattern or “fills in the blank”

Blue
Red
Yellow
Gr____ ( Green or Gray)

Apple
Orange
Banana
Gr____ ( Grape)

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16
Q

How is repetition suppression related to priming

A

A neuron, that is part of a network of nerves, selectively responds to a certain aspect of an object/stimuli and other neurons in the same network become activated and respond to specific aspect of object/stimuli that is wired to detect/fire to

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17
Q

Compare and contrast habituation and repetition suppression

A

Habituation is subset of non-declarative LTM

Repetition suppression is related to priming ( a non-declarative LTM) but is not a form of LTM by itself

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18
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Subtype of non-declarative LTM

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19
Q

What are the charasterstics of procedural memory

A
  1. requires multiple trials ( slow learning process)
  2. involves skill learning
  3. subject don’t know what they are learning
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20
Q

____________is another name for habit formation

A

Procedural memory

21
Q

What brain structure is involved with procedural memory

A

basal ganglia

22
Q

____________ and ____________ are sub-type of non-declarative, condition LTM

A

Classical , Operant

23
Q

What are the 4 parameters involved in classical conditioning?

A
  1. CS=Conditioned Stimulus aka neutral stimulus
  2. UCS=UnConditioned Stimuli
  3. UCR= UnConditioned Response
  4. CR=Conditioned Response
24
Q

Why do we want to learn?

A

In order to be able to predict future ( evolutionary benefit)

25
Q

What is Extinction training?

A

getting rid of classical conditioning

26
Q

Why is extinction NOT the same as Forgetting

A

Extinction is an active process learning

Forgetting is a passive process

27
Q

How do we know extinction is an active process?

A

If protein synthesis is blocked in LTP ( make more AMPAR protein), then extinction will not occur

28
Q

Blocking effect is

A

a newly introduced stimuli that has no predictive value is blocked or ignored by subject that has been already conditioned to respond to a certain CS that has a predictive value ; this phenomen explains why classical conditioning works

29
Q

What type of LTM is fear response an example of?

A

Classical conditiong

30
Q

Which brains structure is involved in “fear” conditioning

A

Amygdala

31
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

a type non-declarative LTM

a voluntary behavior ( operant) that is modified by use of a consequence

32
Q

Compare and contrast operant and classical conditioning

A

classical and operant conditioning are both a sub-type of non-declarative LTM and require repetition

operant conditioning behavior is a voluntary one and what is being conditioned is increasing or decreasing the voluntary behavior

classical condition the behavior is not voluntary; the establishment of a new behavior is being conditioned

33
Q

Compare and contrast operant and classical conditioning

A

classical and operant conditioning are both a sub-type of non-declarative LTM and require repetition

operant conditioning behavior is a voluntary, already established and what is being conditioned is increasing or decreasing the voluntary behavior

in classical conditioning, the behavior is not voluntary; the establishment of a new behavior is being conditioned or learned

34
Q

4 types of modifiers that change the frequency of operant

A
  1. negative reinforcement-remove something to increase frequency of operant
  2. positive reinforcement-add something to increase frequency operant
  3. negative punishement-remove something to decrease frequency of operant
  4. positive punishment-add something to decrease frequency of operant
35
Q

what is an operant?

A

voluntary, spontaneous behavior

36
Q

What is Thorndike’s Law of effect

A

The frequency of a behavior is modified by the consequences

37
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

items/situations that an animal will work for in the absence of a conditioned response ( things needed for survival)

can also be called UCS

Examples: Food , air, water, sleep,etc

38
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

conditioned association with a primary reinforcer

Example: You use money ( secondary reinforcer) to buy food ( unconditioned stimuli or primary reinforcer)

39
Q

4 types of reinforcement schedules

A
  1. Variable Rate
  2. Fixed Rate
  3. Variable Interval
  4. Fixed Interval
40
Q

What is “superstituous behavior”

A

In nature, a sequence of events results in a reward. Organisms will asssociate an event closer to the reward as the the cause of the reward and an event farther from the reward will be less likely to be associated as the cause of the reward

41
Q

2 types of declarative LTM

A
  1. Episodic ( aka autobiographical memory)

2. Semantic

42
Q

Episodic memory

A

declarative LTM that is context-based; memory of specific experience

43
Q

Semantic memory

A

declarative LTM that is non context based or unrelated to a specific experience

44
Q

Where is semantic memory processed in brain?

A

Temporal pole ( most anterior part of temporal lobe)

45
Q

How is semantic memory processed by temporal lobe

A

Temporal pole converges uni-modal semantic representations ( info from diff sensory systems) into a multi-modal representation

Example: 
uni-modal rep, divergent: 
Vision-red apple 
Taste- sweet
Smell-fruity
touch-smooth

multi-modal rep: a sweet, smooth, and fruity red apple ( temporal pole, convergence)

46
Q

What type of memory is associated with Amnesia?

A

declarative LTM ( i.e. semantics and episodic )

47
Q

Retograde Amnesia

A

unable to remember event occurring before amnesia onset

48
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

unable to form new memories

Georgetown Neurophysiology_Spring 2019 (25 decks)

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