Learning and Memory Review

Question 1

the modification of pre-existing behavior and understanding

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

reduced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus (getting used to something)

Answer 2

Habituation

Question 3

taking a neutral stimulus and pairing it with something that causes an automatic response until the neutral stimulus alone gives us the same response

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

Question 4

something that triggers a response without conditioning

Answer 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 5

the automatic, unlearned response (like a reflex)

Answer 5

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Question 6

the originally, neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response

Answer 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 7

the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 8

the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response

Answer 8

Extinction

Question 9

when we re-learn a conditioned response after extinction

Answer 9

Reconditioning

Question 10

the temporary reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

Answer 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 11

a similar stimulus

Answer 11

Stimulus Generalization

Question 12

when we start telling the difference between stimulus and we respond appropriately

Answer 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 13

using classical conditioning to classical condition you (classical conditioning you twice)

Answer 13

Higher Order Conditioning

Question 14

if a response is made in the presence of a particular stimulus is rewarding the same response is more likely to occur when that stimulus is encountered again

Answer 14

Law of Effect

Question 15

learning based on rewards and punishments

Answer 15

Operant Conditioning (B.F Skinner)

Question 16

a réponse that has some effect on the world

Answer 16

Operant

Question 17

something that increases the probability that the response immediately before it will occur again

Answer 17

Reinforcer

Question 18

strengthens a response

Answer 18

Positive Reinforcers

Question 19

removal of an unpleasant stimulus (removing something we don’t like)

Answer 19

Negative Reinforcers

Question 20

the process through which a particular response is made more likely to occur

Answer 20

Reinforcement

Question 21

how we learn to stop an aversive stimulus

Answer 21

Escape Conditioning

Question 22

the process of learning a response that avoids a stimulus

Answer 22

Avoidance Conditioning

Question 23

a stimuli that signals whether or not reinforcement is available if a certain response is made.

Answer 23

Discriminative Conditioning Stimuli

Question 24

reinforcement of responses to get to a desired outcome

Answer 24

Shaping

Question 25

when we are reinforced with basic needs (food and water)

Answer 25

Primary Reinforcers

Question 26

rewards that we learn to like (Money, sleep, etc.)

Answer 26

Secondary Reinforcers

Question 27

determines how and when you will be reinforced

Answer 27

Reinforcement Schedules

Question 28

happens after a fixed number of response

Answer 28

Fixed Ration (FR) Schedule

Question 29

reinforcement after a different number of responses, but the number keeps changing

Answer 29

Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule

Question 30

reinforcement after a certain amount of time

Answer 30

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

Question 31

when we keep changing the amount of time for reinforcement

Answer 31

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

Question 32

behaviors learned under partial reinforcement schedule and they are more difficult to extinguish

Answer 32

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Question 33

presentation of a negative stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus after a behavior

Answer 33

Punishment

Question 34

when you stop trying to control your environment after experience suggests that you have no control

Answer 34

Learned Helplessness

Question 35

learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs

Answer 35

Latent Learning

Question 36

mental map of your environment

Answer 36

Cognitive Map

Question 37

sudden understanding

Answer 37

Insight

Question 38

when we put information into a form that our memory system can accept and use

Answer 38

Encoding

Question 39

when you learn by watching or seeing something

Answer 39

Observational Learning

Question 40

memory or representations of sound

Answer 40

Auditory Memory (Acoustic Memory)

Question 41

memory or representations of things we see

Answer 41

Visual Memory

Question 42

general knowledge of the world that everyone should know

Answer 42

Semantic Memory

Question 43

keeping information over time

Answer 43

Storage

Question 44

finding information stored in our memory

Answer 44

Retrieval

Question 45

retrieving things without help

Answer 45

Recall

Question 46

retrieving information with the help of clues

Answer 46

Recognition

Question 47

memory from your own past

Answer 47

Episodic Memory

Question 48

memory of how to do something

Answer 48

Procedural Memory/ Procedural Knowledge

Question 49

when you make a conscious effort to remember something

Answer 49

Explicit Memory

Question 50

when you unintentionally recall things

Answer 50

Implicit Memory

Question 51

when you remember things based on the depth that you processed it

Answer 51

Levels of Processing Model of Memory

Question 52

a memorization technique that involves you to keep repeating something

Answer 52

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 53

when we memorize things based on adding new information to old information

Answer 53

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 54

when you remember something better if you retrieve it the same way that you encoded it

Answer 54

Transfer Appropriate Processing Model of Memory

Question 55

looking at rewiring your memory overtime you learn something new

Answer 55

Neural Network Model of Memory

Question 56

suggests that we have specialized and separated memory systems

Answer 56

Multiple Memory Systems Model

Question 57

suggests that for us to have something in our memory it has to go through sensory memory, short term memory, then long term memory.

Answer 57

Information Processing Model of Memory

Question 58

short, but long enough to connect one impression to the next

Answer 58

Sensory Memory

Question 59

memory systems that briefly hold incoming information

Answer 59

Sensory Registers

Question 60

your sensory register for visual information

Answer 60

Iconic Memory (eyes)

Question 61

focusing mental resources

Answer 61

Selective Attention

Question 62

memory that lasts about 20 seconds

Answer 62

Short-Term Memory

Question 63

the portion that we are mentally manipulating in order to maneuver it

Answer 63

Working Memory

Question 64

maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items

Answer 64

Immediate Memory Span

Question 65

organizing individual stimuli so that they will be perceived as larger units of meaningful information

Answer 65

Chunking

Question 66

a method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short-term memory

Answer 66

Brown-Peterson Distractor Technique

Question 67

the unlimited capacity to store information

Answer 67

Long-Term Memory

Question 68

when you remember things from the first few items of a list

Answer 68

Primary Effect

Question 69

when we remember the last few items of a list

Answer 69

Recency Effect

Question 70

stimuli that help us recall information

Answer 70

Retrieval Cues

Question 71

the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on how well it taps into information that was originally encoded.

Answer 71

Encoding Specificity Principle

Question 72

states that memory is either helped or hindered by the context in which it is learned

Answer 72

Context-Specific Memory (learning)

Question 73

learning is either helped or hindered by your internal state (mood) when you are learning it

Answer 73

State-Dependent Memory (learning)

Question 74

mental representations

Answer 74

Schemas

Question 75

a method for measuring forgetting

Answer 75

Relearning Method (Ebbinghouse)

Question 76

when forgetting is the gradual disappearance of information

Answer 76

Decay Theory

Question 77

when information is impaired (hurt) by the presence of other information

Answer 77

Interference

Question 78

when forgetting is caused by old information (the old information hurts new information)

Answer 78

Retroactive Inhibition

Question 79

previously learned information keeps us from remembering new information

Answer 79

Proactive Inhibition

Question 80

a painful memory that we keep out of consciousness

Answer 80

Repressed Memory

Question 81

loss of memory or events that occur after a brain injury (in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex)

Answer 81

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 82

loss of memory or events that occur before a brain injury (in the hippocampus and temporal lobe)

Answer 82

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 83

a method for organizing information in order to remember it

Answer 83

Mnemonic Strategies

Question 84

learning something over time

Answer 84

Distributed Practice

Question 85

cramming

Answer 85

Massed Practice

Question 86

the influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.

Answer 86

Motivation

Question 87

a reason for behavior

Answer 87

Motive

Question 88

when your behavior is motivated by instinct

Answer 88

Instinct Doctrine

Question 89

innate, automatic dispositions to respond in particular ways to specific things

Answer 89

Instinctive Behaviors

Question 90

when you want to stay the same

Answer 90

Homeostasis (equilibrium)

Question 91

a theory that motivation comes from imbalances in homeostasis

Answer 91

Drive Reduction Theory

Question 92

biological requirements for well-being (things that we need to live)

Answer 92

Needs

Question 93

the state that comes from the imbalance and prompts us to fulfill a need

Answer 93

Drive

Question 94

motivational drive that we have learned to need (such as money)

Answer 94

Secondary Drives

Question 95

a general level of activation (how ready your body is)

Answer 95

Psychological Arousal

Question 96

when we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Answer 96

Arousal Theory

Question 97

when we go towards behaviors that are rewarding and we are pulled away from behaviors that are negative

Answer 97

Incentive Theory

Question 98

motivation that is inside of you

Answer 98

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 99

external rewards

Answer 99

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 100

when you want to eat

Answer 100

Hunger

Question 101

satisfaction of a need such as hunger

Answer 101

Satiation