Learning & Decision Making

Question 1

The timing of when contingencies are applied or removed

Answer 1

Schedules of reinforcement

Question 2

The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations

Answer 2

Selective perception

Question 3

Used by decision makers to attribute cause; whether other individuals behave the same way under similar circumstances.

Answer 3

Consensus

Question 4

When an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior

Answer 4

Punishment

Question 5

The process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.

Answer 5

Decision Making

Question 6

When one attributes one’s own failures to external factors and success to internal factors.

Answer 6

Self-serving Bias

Question 7

A relatively permanent change in an employee’s knowledge or skill that results from experience.

Answer 7

Learning

Question 8

Behaviors are reinforced after a varying number of them have been exhibited.

Answer 8

Variable Ratio Schedule

Question 9

When a decision maker chooses the first acceptable alternative considered

Answer 9

Satisficing

Question 10

When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behavior

Answer 10

Behavioral Modeling

Question 11

An emotional judgment based on quick, unconscious, gut feelings

Answer 11

Intuition

Question 12

A predisposition or attitude by which employees focus on demonstrating their competence so that others think favorably of them.

Answer 12

Performance-prove orientation

Question 13

The tendency for people to judge others’ behaviors as being due to internal factors such as ability, motivation, or attitudes.

Answer 13

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 14

A predisposition or attitude by which employees focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them.

Answer 14

Performance-avoid orientation

Question 15

Reinforcement occurs following a fixed number of desired behaviors

Answer 15

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Question 16

Theory that argues that people in organizations learn by observing others

Answer 16

Social Learning Theory

Question 17

Groups of employees who learn from one another through collaboration over an extended period of time.

Answer 17

Communities of Practice

Question 18

A change- whether sudden or evolving- that results in an urgent problem that must be addressed immediately

Answer 18

Crisis Situation

Question 19

Decisions that are somewhat automatic because the decision maker’s knowledge allows him or her to recognize the situation and the course of action to be taken.

Answer 19

Programmed decisions

Question 20

Simple and efficient rules of thumb that allow one to make decisions more easily

Answer 20

Heuristics

Question 21

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall

Answer 21

Availability Bias

Question 22

A common decision-making error in which the decision maker continues to follow a failing course of action.

Answer 22

Escalation of Commitment

Question 23

Used by decision makers to attribute cause; whether the person being judged acts in a similar fashion under different circumstances.

Answer 23

Distinctiveness

Question 24

A specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a certain behavior

Answer 24

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 25

An organizational environment that supports the use of new skills.

Answer 25

Climate for transfer

Question 26

The knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices.

Answer 26

Expertise

Question 27

Reinforcement occurs at random periods of time

Answer 27

Variable Interval Schedule

Question 28

Knowledge that is easily communicated and available to everyone

Answer 28

Explicit Knowledge

Question 29

A predisposition or attitude according to which building competence is deemed more important by an employee than demonstrating competence

Answer 29

Learning Orientation

Question 30

A systematic effort by organizations to facilitate the learning of job-related knowledge and behavior.

Answer 30

Training

Question 31

The faulty perception by decision makers that others think, feel, and act the same way as they do

Answer 31

Projection bias

Question 32

Decisions made by employees when a problem is new, complex, or not recognized.

Answer 32

Nonprogrammed decisions

Question 33

When a positive outcome follows a desired behavior

Answer 33

Positive Reinforcement

Question 34

Reinforcement occurs at fixed time periods

Answer 34

Fixed Interval Schedule

Question 35

The notion that people do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives when making a decision.

Answer 35

Bounded rationality

Question 36

Four specific consequences used by organizations to modify employee behavior

Answer 36

Contingencies of Reinforcement

Question 37

Assumptions made about others based on their social group membership

Answer 37

Sterotypes

Question 38

Occurs when employees retain and demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and behaviors required for their job after training ends.

Answer 38

Transfer of Training

Question 39

An unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior

Answer 39

Negative Reinforcement

Question 40

A step-by-step approach to making decisions that is designed to maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives.

Answer 40

Rational decision-making model

Question 41

The exchange of knowledge between employees.

Answer 41

Knowledge Transfer

Question 42

The removal of a positive outcome following an unwanted behavior

Answer 42

Extinction

Question 43

Knowledge that employees can only learn through experience

Answer 43

Tacit Knowledge

Question 44

Used by decision makers to attribute cause; whether this individual has behaved this way before under similar circumstances

Answer 44

Consistency

Question 45

A formalized method of training in which employees observe and learn from employees with significant amounts of tacit knowledge.

Answer 45

Behavior Modeling Training

Question 46

A theory that people identify themselves based on the various groups to which they belong and judge others based on the groups they associate with

Answer 46

Social Identity Theory