learning from consequences

Question 1

What is instrumental learning?

Answer 1

A type of learning where behavior changes based on its consequences, allowing the organism to influence outcomes.

Question 2

What happens in trial-and-error learning?

Answer 2

The learner tries various behaviors, retaining those that lead to success and discarding ineffective ones.

Question 3

What does Thorndike’s Law of Effect state?

Answer 3

Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened; those followed by discomfort are weakened.

Question 4

What is the difference between a reinforcer and a reward?

Answer 4

A reinforcer strengthens behavior; a reward is desirable but may not strengthen behavior unless it acts as a reinforcer.

Question 5

What are the two key meanings of “reinforcement”?

Answer 5

1) The process of strengthening a behavior. 2) The stimulus that strengthens it (the reinforcer).

Question 6

Define positive reinforcement.

Answer 6

The delivery of a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 7

Define negative reinforcement.

Answer 7

Strengthening a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus from the environment.

Question 8

What is punishment in instrumental conditioning?

Answer 8

The delivery (or removal) of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 9

What is positive punishment?

Answer 9

Introducing an aversive stimulus to reduce a behavior (e.g., scolding).

Question 10

What is negative punishment?

Answer 10

Removing a rewarding stimulus to reduce a behavior (e.g., taking away privileges).

Question 11

What is an operant (or instrumental) conditioning procedure?

Answer 11

A training method that uses reinforcement or punishment to modify behavior.