Learning & Memory

Question 1

repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response

Answer 1

habituation

Question 2

recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred

Answer 2

dishabituation

Question 3

associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

stimulus that brings about reflexive response

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

innate or reflexive response

Answer 5

unconditioned response

Question 6

normally neutral stimulus through association now causes reflexive response

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus

Question 7

reflexive response to normal neutral stimulus

Answer 7

conditioned response

Question 8

links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors

Answer 8

operant conditioning

Question 9

process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior

Answer 9

reinforcement

Question 10

increase a behavior by adding positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior

Answer 10

positive reinforcer

Question 11

increase the frequency of behavior but remove something unpleasant

Answer 11

negative reinforcer

Question 12

uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of behavior

Answer 12

punishment

Question 13

adds unpleasant consequence in response to behavior to reduce that behavior

Answer 13

positive punishment

Question 14

reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed

Answer 14

negative punishment

Question 15

reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

Answer 15

fixed ratio

Question 16

reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant

Answer 16

variable ratio

Question 17

reinforce the first instance of the behavior after a specified period of time has elapsed

Answer 17

fixed interval

Question 18

reinforce the behavior the first time that a behavior is performed after a varying time interval

Answer 18

variable interval

Question 19

process of putting new information into memory

Answer 19

Encoding

Question 20

info gained without effort

Answer 20

automatic processing

Question 21

active memorization

Answer 21

controlled (effortful) processing

Question 22

repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory

Answer 22

maintenance rehearsal

Question 23

first and most fleeting kind of memory storage, consists of both iconic( visual ) and echoic ( auditory )

Answer 23

sensory memory

Question 24

housed primarily in the hippocampus, limited in capacity to approximately 7 items + or - 2, can be increased by clustering info

Answer 24

short term memory

Question 25

closely related to short term memory, enables us to keep a few pieces of info in our consciousness simultaneously and manipulate that info

Answer 25

working memory

Question 26

skills and conditioned responses

Answer 26

implicit memory

Question 27

memories that require conscious recall

Answer 27

explicit memory

Question 28

our experiences

Answer 28

episodic memory

Question 29

the facts that we know

Answer 29

semantic memory

Question 30

recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory

Answer 30

priming

Question 31

linked concepts are unconsciously activated

Answer 31

spreading activation

Question 32

persons mental state affects recall

Answer 32

state- dependent memory

Question 33

retrieval cue that occurs while learning lists

Answer 33

serial position effect

Question 34

tendency to remember early and late items

Answer 34

primacy and recency effect

Question 35

old info is interfering with new learning

Answer 35

proactive interference

Question 36

new info causes forgetting old info

Answer 36

retroactive interference

Question 37

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future

Answer 37

prospective memory

Question 38

type of prospective memory that declines with age

Answer 38

time based

Question 39

involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory

Answer 39

source monitoring error