Learning, Memory, Behavior

Question 1

nonassociative learning

Answer 1

organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus
habituation and sensitization
learn to “tune out”

Question 2

dishabituation

Answer 2

previously habituated stimulus is removed

unlearn something after a while

Question 3

sensitization

Answer 3

increase in responsiveness because of repeated stimulus

getting so annoyed you snap easier

Question 4

associative learning, 2 types

Answer 4

classical and operant conditioning

Question 5

classical conditioning

Answer 5

before conditioning
unconditioned stimulus gets unconditioned response
neural stimulus gets no response
during conditioning
pair neural stimulus with unconditional stimulus = unconditioned response
after conditioning
conditioned stimulus gives conditioned response

Question 6

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination in relation to classical conditioning

Answer 6

acquisition: process of learning conditioned response
extinction: when conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are not paired, you forget conditioned response
spontaneous recovery: extinct conditioned response occurs again after long time when conditioned stimulus is presented
generalization: stimuli other than conditioned stimulus elicit conditioned response
discrimination: conditioned stimulus has been separated from other stimuli

Question 7

operant conditioning

Answer 7

positive or negative reinforcement

Question 8

primary and secondary reinforcers in operant conditioning

Answer 8

primary innately is a positive reinforcement

secondary neural stimuli conditioned to be with positive reinforcement

Question 9

continuous vs intermittent reinforcement schedule, types of intermitten

Answer 9

continuous: rapid behavior acquisition, but also rapid extinction
intermittent: fixed ratio (procrastination), variable ratio (slow extinction), fixed interval (superstition) , variable interval (slow, consistent learning)

Question 10

positive punishment vs negative punishment

Answer 10

add something you dont want vs taking something you want away

Question 11

positive reinforcement vs negative reinforcement

Answer 11

add something they want vs taking away something you don’t want

Question 12

behaviorism vs cognitive psychology

Answer 12

just looking at behaviors/things that happen vs focusing on brain/thoughts/cognition

Question 13

insight learning

Answer 13

combining separate things you’ve learned in unique ways

Question 14

latent learning

Answer 14

learning things unconsciously/not explicitly

Question 15

long term potentiation

Answer 15

long term memory occurring due to stronger electrochemical response and neuron needing less prompting to fire impulse

Question 16

observational learning and modeling

Answer 16

learning through copying behavior

Question 17

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 17

people will be influenced by content of speech and by other superficial characteristics

Question 18

cognitive routes of persuasion, central and peripheral

Answer 18

central: persuaded by content
peripheral: focus on superficial factors

Question 19

social cognitive theory

Answer 19

theory of behavior change that emphasizes interactions between people and environment - how we interpret social factors

Question 20

reciprocal determinism

Answer 20

person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

Question 21

behavioral genetics

Answer 21

determine role of inheritance in behavioral traits

Question 22

intelligence by francis galton, alfred binet, charles spearman, raymond cattell, howard gardner

Answer 22

francis galton: believed intelligence was biologically based and could be quantified
alfred binet: invented intelligence tests to schoolchildren
charles spearman: coined the term “general intelligence”
raymond cattell: 2 types of intelligences, fluid (thinking on your feet) and crystallized (memorization)
howard gardner: broke intelligence into 8 modalities

Question 23

moro reflex

Answer 23

in response to loud sound, infant will throw back head and extend arms/legs, cry, and pull everything back in

Question 24

rooting reflex

Answer 24

in response to touching, baby turns head in direction and opens mouth

Question 25

sucking reflex

Answer 25

if anything touches roof of baby's mouth, will suck

Question 26

babinski reflex

Answer 26

if sole of foot is stroked, big toe moves up and other toes fan out

Question 27

tonic neck reflex

Answer 27

if head is turned to one side, baby stretches arm on same side and bends opposite elbow

Question 28

palmar grasp reflex

Answer 28

if stroke baby's palm, baby's hand will grasp

Question 29

walking/stepping reflex

Answer 29

sole of baby's foot touches flat surface, they will attempt to walk

Question 30

order of movement type by age

Answer 30

reflexive, rudimentary (voluntary movements), fundamental (manipulate body through actions), specialized (combining fundamental movements) transitional + application stages, application of movement

Question 31

infantile amnesia

Answer 31

unable to remember much from first 3.5 yrs

Question 32

harry and margaret harlow experiments

Answer 32

contact comfort necessary in baby mother bonding

Question 33

mary ainsworth, securely attached vs insecurely attached

Answer 33

securely: when mother present play and explore, when not are distressed, when return easily consoled insecurely: when mother present cling, when not get upset, indifferent when return

Question 34

3 parenting styles

Answer 34

authoritarian, permissive, authoritative (parents listen, encourage independence, place limits, warm)

Question 35

serial position effect | primacy/recency effect

Answer 35

first items in list more easy to recall

Question 36

dual coding hypothesis | method of loci, self reference effect

Answer 36

easier to remember words with associated images with than either alone method of loci: imagine moving through a familiar place and leaving visual representation of topic to remember self reference effect: relate to self

Question 37

different stores of memory

Answer 37

sensory, short term, long term

Question 38

sensory memory, 2 types

Answer 38

initial recording of sensory info iconic memory: brief photographic memory for visual information echoic memory: memory for sound

Question 39

short term vs working memory, where in brain

Answer 39

short term: hippocampus, either goes to long term or gets forgotten working memory: prefrontal cortex, holds memory that is needed for any particular moment to solve probllem

Question 40

long term memory 2 types, 2 types of the conscious type, why they're different

Answer 40

explicit (memory w conscious recall) - memory from events and semantic memory from general knowledge vs implicit (memory without conscious recall) - how to perform motor skills and actions explicit is hippocampus, implicit is cerebellum not episodic memory, which is lightbulb memory from highly emotional events

Question 41

how recall of memory works with nodes

Answer 41

random node is activated if response threshold reached through summation then spreading activation activates nearby neurons

Question 42

mood dependent memory

Answer 42

what we learn in one state is most easily recalled during same emotional state

Question 43

prospective recall

Answer 43

remembering to do things in the future

Question 44

anterograde amnesia, which part of brain is damaged

Answer 44

inability to code new memories, hippocampus damaged

Question 45

retrograde amnesia, which part of brain is damaged

Answer 45

inability to recall memories, not hippocampus

Question 46

retention interval of memory

Answer 46

most forgetting occurs rapidly in first few days and levels off

Question 47

proactive interference, retroactive interference, positive transfer

Answer 47

previously learned interferes with recalling new info new info interferes with recalling old info old info helps learn new info

Question 48

misinformation effect

Answer 48

tendency to misremember when exposed to subtle misinformation

Question 49

source monitoring

Answer 49

misremembering source of info

Question 50

long term memory stored in

Answer 50

hippocampus

Question 51

taking multiple choice vs short answer test is which type of memory

Answer 51

recognition vs recall

Question 52

procedural memory stored in

Answer 52

basal ganglia