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MCAT Psych/Sociology > Self Identity and Group Identity > Flashcards

Self Identity and Group Identity Flashcards

1
Q

self concept vs self consciousness

A

sum of an individual’s knowledge and understand of themself

awareness of one’s self

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2
Q

self schema

A

beliefs that person has about themself

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3
Q

2 types of identity

personal vs social

A

personal: own’s sense of personal attributes
social: social definitions of who you are

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4
Q

self reference effect

A

tendency to better remember information relevant to us

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5
Q

carl rogers and incongruity

A

believed we have ideal self and real self and when they don’t match up we feel incongruity

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6
Q

self efficacy

A

belief in one’s competence

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7
Q

internal vs external locus of control

A

perceives outcomes are controlled ourself vs outside force

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8
Q

learned helplessness

A

after enduring a situation out of control, you continue the practice of not believing you can change the outcome in future situations

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9
Q

Charles Cooley and looking glass self

A

person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society

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10
Q

George Herbert Mead and social behaviorism, stages

A

mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others
copy each other as children, role play when older, become able to serve multiple roles, and then learn generalized other, behavior of normal human

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11
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

social interaction brings about meaning to things

Individuals act on the premise of a shared understanding of meaning within their social context

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12
Q

I vs me

A

me is social self, I is real self

I is able to evaluate

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13
Q

norms followed by ______ behavior which is reinforced every day by ______

A

normative behavior, sanctions

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14
Q

formal vs informal norms

A

laws vs understood

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15
Q

mores vs folkways vs taboo

A

mores: very important for benefit of society and is strictly enforced
folkways: less important norms that shape everyday behavior
taboo: customs forbid

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16
Q

anomie

A

social condition where individuals are not provided firm guidelines and there is minimal moral guidance

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17
Q

non normative vs deviance

A

non normative behavior: challenges shared values and threaten social structure
deviance: actions that violate the dominant social norms

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18
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s differential association

A

deviance is learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities
people are most influenced by their close personal friends

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19
Q

Howard Becker’s labeling theory

A

deviance is result of society’s response to a person rather than person’s inherent actions

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20
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

individual exhibits deviant behaviors to fulfill expectations associated with specific ascribed labels

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21
Q

agents of social control

A

usually those in power able to define difference in deviant and nondeviant, perhaps through legislation

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22
Q

Robert Merton’s structural strain theory

A

deviance is result of experienced strain, either individual or structural

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23
Q

collective behavior

A

does not reflect existing social structure but are spontaneous situations where individuals engage in actions that otherwise violate social norms

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24
Q

Herbert Blumer 4 main forms of collective behavior

A

crowds: group that shares a purpose
publics: group of individuals discussing a single issue
masses: group whose formation is prompted through efforts of mass media
social movements: collective behavior with intention of promoting change, active vs expressive

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25
fad vs mass hysteria
fad: rapid increase and subsequent decrease in something mass hysteria: collective delusion of some threat that spreads through emotion and escalates out of control
26
moral panic
specific form of panic as a result of perceived threat to social order
27
riots
crowd behavior with no specific end, sudden onset civil disorder
28
6 agents of socialization
``` family school peer groups workplalce religion/government mass media/technology ```
29
assimilation vs amalgamation
assimilation: individual forsakes aspects of own culture to adopt new amalgamation: majority and minority combine to form new group
30
multiculturalism
each cultural tradition has equal standing
31
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
level 1: morality judged by direct consequence to self stage 1: obedience and punishment sage 2: self interest level 2: morality judged comparing to society stage 3: interpersonal accord and conformity stage 4: authority and social order maintaining level 3: morality judged by internal ethics stage 5: social contract orientation stage 6: universal ethical principles
32
attribution theory, dispositional vs situational
attribute behaviors to internal or external causes
33
what determines whether we attribute behavior to internal or external causes
consistency (always mad or just now), distinctiveness (angry at everyone or just you), consensus (one person mad or everyone mad)
34
fundamental attribution error
mis-decide the reason for something (situation or the person)
35
actor-observer bias
blame our actions on situation and blame the action of others on their personality
36
self serving bias
attribute success to ourself and failure to others
37
optimism bias
belief that bad things happen to other people but not us
38
just world phenomenon
believe that world is fair and people get what they deserve
39
halo effect
people have inherently good or bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics
40
physical attractiveness stereotype
people tend to rate attractive individuals more favorably for personality traits
41
social perception
understanding of others in social world
42
social cognition
ability of brain to process information regarding social perception
43
false consensus
assume everyone else agrees with us
44
projection bias
assume other have same belief as we do
45
prejudice vs discrimination
prejudice you don't act, discrimination you act
46
illusory correlation
fake connection between group of people and perceived characteristic
47
self fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes lead to behaviors that affirm original stereotype
48
stereotype threat
self fulfilling feat that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype
49
ethnocentrism
when different cultures interact, we judge by standards of own culture particular group is superior
50
cultural relativism
no superior group exists, encourages mindset of being unbiased to all kinds of groups
51
aggregate
people who exist in same space but do not interact or share a common identity
52
Max Weber's 5 facets of an ideal bureaucracy
covers fixed area of activity, hierarchically organized, workers have expert training in specialty, organization rank is impersonal no favoritism, workers follow set procedures for productivity
53
rationalization
process by which tasks are broken down into component parts for efficiency
54
iron law of oligarchy
revolutionary organizations inevitable become less so with organizational structure and development
55
social facilitation effect
people tend to perform better on simple tasks when others are present due to arousal - not harder tasks
56
deindividuation
high degree of arousal, low sense of responsibility, mob mentality, lose restraint and identity with group mentality
57
solomon asch testing group pressure
planted confederates and discovered conformity/tendency to agree with group consensus
58
3 ways that behavior may be motivated by social influences
compliance (desire to seek reward or avoid punishment), identification (desire to be like someone), internalization (values of society)
59
normative vs informational social influence
conform to be liked vs comply because we want to be right and others know something i don't
60
what factors influence conformity
group size, unanimity, cohesion, status, accountability, no prior commitment
61
master status
most prominent title of someone
62
ascribed status
assigned to person by society
63
role conflict
conflict in society's expectations of multiple statuses held by the same person
64
role strain
single role results in conflicting expectations
65
role exit
disengaging from role that was close to one's identity
66
utilitarian organizations
members paid for effort
67
normative organization
membership based on morally relevant goall
68
coercive organization
members have no choice in joining
69
self handicapping
people create excuses to avoid self blame when they do poorly
70
dramaturgical perspective, front stage and back stage
we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting front stage is way we come across, back stage is when we're ourselves
71
frustration aggression principlle
when someone is blocked from achieving a goal, frustration can become aggression
72
inclusive fitness of organism depends on
of offspring, how it supports offspring, how offspring support others
73
evolutionary game theory
used to predict larg systems such as overall behavior of population
74
impression management
expressing parts of self depending on person receiving interaction
75
social loafing theory
people in groups exert less effort when not held individually accountable
76
hangover identity
occurs with role someone has in for a long time
77
structural functionalist
purpose of individual structures is to contribute to stability of whole society
78
conflict theorist
power differentials and social inequality contribute to social order
79
John Kelley's 3 sources of information people use to analyze covariance (cause of behavior)
consistency (react same way every time?) consensus (everyone react this way or just one?) distinction (react to this specific thing or to everything)
80
mere exposure effect
individuals develop positive attitudes towards something with more frequent exposure
81
availability heuristic
we make choices based on information that is most available in our minds
82
group polarization vs groupthink
group polarization start like minded and become extremely polarized together groupthink start different but similar and reach consensus

MCAT Psych/Sociology (5 decks)

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